Lactococcus lactis: A New Strategy for Vaccination 2 2 Needle free vaccines have a several advantages and very attractive way for vaccination. In a body, mucosal surfaces provide a universal entry portal for all the known and emerging infectious pathogenic microbes. Therefore, it seems, vaccination strategies need to be reorganized for vaccines that are hindering the entry capability of pathogenic microbes through mucosal surfaces. Lactic acid Bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the food industry and at the present, used as delivery vehicles for biological investigations. In this review, we summarized the Results of several studies which Lac-tococcus lactis (L. lactis) used as a live vector for vaccines. These bacteria are considered as promising candidates for heterologous expression of proteins and biotechnological usage. LAB are considered as promising candidates for heterologous expression of proteins and biotechnological usage. The results showed that these bacteria have an ability to deliver antigen to immune system. Therefore, developing mucosal live vaccines using lactic acid bacterium, L. lactis, as an antigen delivery vector, is an attractive alternative choice and a safer vaccination strategy against pathogens. 163 168 Maryam Azizpour Department of Microbiology, Arak branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Microbiology, Arak branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Seyyed Davood Hosseini Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Arak Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Arak Branch Iran Parvaneh Jafari Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch Iran Neda Akbary Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch Iran DNALactococcus lactisVaccines 289.pdf Grillot-Courvalin C, Goussard S, Huetz F, Ojcius DM, Courvalin P. 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Cloning, Expression and Purification of Pseudomonas putida ATCC12633 Creatinase 2 2 Background: Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) ATCC12633 can produce creatinase. It is a microbial enzyme which degrades creatinine in bacteria and provides source of carbon and nitrogen. Also, this enzyme is used in the enzymatic measurement of creatinine concentration for diagnosis of renal and muscles functions and diseases. Our purpose was recombinant production of creatinase for using in clinical measurement of serum or urine creatinine. Methods: A 1209bp of open reading frame of creatinase was amplified by PCR from P. putida ATCC12633 genome and cloned into pET28a expression vector which was digested using NheI and XhoI restriction enzymes. Cloning was confirmed by colony PCR, double digestion analysis and sequencing. Recombinant pET28a vector was transformed to Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3). Creatinase expression was induced in E.coli BL21 (DE3) using IPTG and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Purification of creatinase was performed using Ni-NTA column. The specific activity of this enzyme was also investigated. Results: The creatinase gene cloning was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Successful expression of creatinase was performed in E. coli (57.4% of total protein). SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed a 45 kDa creatinase protein. Purification of creati-nase was done with high purity. The specific activity of recombinant enzyme is 26.54 unit/mg that is much higher than other creatinase used in the commercial kits (9 unit/mg). Conclusion: The P. putida ATCC12633 recombinant creatinase was expressed effi-ciently in E. coli BL21 and 57% of total protein was the recombinant creatinase. Also, expressed creatinase has high solubility and also the enzyme has good activity com-pared to enzymes used in commercial kits, so a new source of creatinase was produced for creatinine assay kit in this study. 169 175 Elnaz Afshari Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch Iran Zahra Amini-bayat Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) Iran Saman Hosseinkhani Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Nahid Bakhtiari Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) Iran CreatineCreatinasePseudomonas putida 286.pdf Koyama Y, Kitao S, Yamamoto-Otake H, Suzuki M, Nakano E. 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Lithium Chloride can Induce Differentiation of Human Immortalized RenVm Cells into Dopaminergic Neurons 2 2 Background: Stem cell-based therapy is a novel strategy for the treatment of neuro-degenerative diseases. The transplantation of fully differentiated cells instead of stem cells in order to decrease serious adverse complications of stem cell therapy is a new idea. In this study, the effect of lithium chloride on dopaminergic differentiation of human immortalized RenVm cells was investigated in order to access a population of fully differentiated cells for transplantation in Parkinson disease. Methods: The immortalized RenVm cells were induced to dopaminergic differentiation using a neurobasal medium supplemented with N2 and different concentrations (1, 3, 6 mM) of Lithium Chloride (LiCl) for 4, 8 and 12 days. The efficiency of dopaminergic differentiation was evaluated using immunocytochemistry and western blot techniques for tyrosine hydroxylase and β-catenin marker expression. 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GSK-3 is a viable potential target for therapeutic intervention in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31(6):920-931.##Fukumoto T, Morinobu S, Okamoto Y, Kagaya A, Ya-mawaki S. Chronic lithium treatment increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;158(1):100-106.##Jacobsen JP, Mørk A. The effect of escitalopram, desipramine, electroconvulsive seizures and lithium on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the rat brain and the correlation to 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. Brain Res 2004;1024(1):183-192.##Guo S, Arai K, Stins MF, Chuang DM, Lo EH. Lithium upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes. Stroke 2009;40(2):652-655.##Kaga S, Zhan L, Altaf E, Maulik N. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin promotes angiogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling through the induction of VEGF, Bcl-2 and survivin expression in rat ischemic preconditioned myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006;40(1):138-147.##Chen G, Zeng WZ, Yuan PX, Huang LD, Jiang YM, Zhao ZH, et al. The mood-stabilizing agents lithium and valproate robustly increase the levels of the neuropro-tective protein bcl-2 in the CNS. J Neurochem 1999;72 (2):879-882.##Chen RW, Chuang DM. Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem 1999;274(10):6039-6042.##Amariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, Cohen Y, Loewenthal R, Trakhtenbrot L, et al. Donor-derived brain tumor following neural stem cell transplantation in an ataxia telangiectasia patient. PLoS Med 2009;6(2):e1000029.##

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as T2 MR Imaging Contrast Agent for Detection of Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cell 2 2 Background: Advances of nanotechnology have led to the development of nano-materials with both potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Among them, Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) have received particular at-tention. Modified EDC coupling fraction was used to fabricate the SPION-C595 as an MR imaging contrast agent for breast cancer detection in early stages. Methods: Nanoprobe characterization was confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX), and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). Protein and iron concentration of nanoprobe was examined by standard method. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the nanoprobe in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). T2-weighted MR imaging was performed to evaluate the signal enhancement on T2 relaxation time of nanoprobe using spin-echo pulse sequence. Results: As results showed, SPIONs-C595 provided active targeting of breast cancer cell (MCF-7) at a final concentration of 600 µgFe/ml. The final concentration of protein was calculated to be at 0.78 µgprotein/ml. The hydrodynamic size of the nano-probe was 87.4±0.7 nm. The MR imaging results showed a good reduction of T2 relaxation rates for the highest dose of SPIONs-C595. Discussion: Based on the results, SPIONs-C595 nanoprobe has a potential in T2-weighted MR imaging contrast agent for breast cancer cell (MCF-7) detection. 181 188 Pegah Moradi Khaniabadi Faculty of Physics, University Sains Malaysia Faculty of Physics, University Sains Malaysia Malaysia Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran Mohammad Suhaimi Jaafar Faculty of Physics, University Sains Malaysia Faculty of Physics, University Sains Malaysia Malaysia Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid Faculty of Medicine, University Sains Malaysia Faculty of Medicine, University Sains Malaysia Malaysia Bita Moradi Khaniabadi Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran Saghar Shahbazi-Gahrouei Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran Breast cancerContrast mediaMagnetic resonance imagingNanoparticles 288.pdf Petri-Fink A, Hofmann H. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): from synthesis to in vivo studies--a summary of the synthesis, characterization, in vitro, and in vivo investigations of SPIONs with particular focus on surface and colloidal properties. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2007;6(4):289-297.##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Abdolahi M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide-C595: Potential MR imaging contrast agents for ovarian cancer detection. J Med Phys 2013;38(4):198-204.##Ghasemian Z, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Manouchehri S. Cobalt zinc ferrite nanoparticles as a potential magnetic resonance imaging agent: an in vitro study. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2015;7(2):64-68.##Abdolahi M, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Laurent S, Sermeus C, Firozian F, Allen BJ, et al. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of MR mo-lecular imaging probes using J591 mAb-conjugated SPIONs for specific detection of prostate cancer. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2013;8(2):175-184.##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D. Novel MR imaging contrast agents for cancer detection. J Res Med Sci 2009;14(3):141-147.##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Abdolahi M, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Laurent S, Sermeus C, Gruettner C. Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the detection and quantitative analysis of cell surface antigen. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:349408.##Singh R, Bandyopadhyay D. MUC1: a target molecule for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2007;6(4):481-486.##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Rizvi SM, Williams MA, Allen BJ. In vitro studies of gadolinium-DTPA conjugated with monoclonal antibodies as cancer-specific magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2002;25(1):31-38.##Kooi ME, Cappendijk VC, Cleutjens KB, Kessels AG, Kitslaar PJ, Borgers M, et al. Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003;107(19):2453-2458.##Xiaoying Y, Xiaoyan Z, Yanfeng M, Yi H, Wanga Y, Chen Y. Superparamagnetic graphene oxide–Fe3O4 nanoparticles hybrid for controlled targeted drug carriers. J Mater Chem 2009;18:2710-2714.##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Abdolahi M. Detection of MUC1-expressing ovarian cancer by C595 monoclonal antibody-conjugated SPIONs using MR imaging. Scientific World Journal 2013;2013:609151.##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Abdolahi M. A novel method for quantitative analysis of anti-MUC1 expressing ovarian cancer cell surface based on magnetic cell separation. J Med Sci 2012;12(8):256-266.##Denardo SJ, Denardo GL, Miers LA, Natarajan A, Foreman AR, Gruettner C, et al. Development of tumor targeting bioprobes (111In-chimeric L6 monoclonal antibody nanoparticles) for alternating magnetic field cancer therapy. Clin Can Res 2005;11:7087s-7092s.##Keshtkar M, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Khoshfetrat SM, Mehrgardi MA, Aghaei M. Aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles as tar-geted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for breast cancer. J Med Signals Sens 2016;6(4):243-247.##Liu D, Chen C, Hu G, Mei Q, Qiu H, Long G, et al. Specific targeting of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE1 by C225-conjugated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles with magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011;43(4):301-306.##Shanehsazzadeh S, Gruettner C, Lahooti A, Mahmoudi M, Allen BJ, Ghavami M, et al. Monoclonal antibody conjugated magnetic nanoparticles could target MUC-1-positive cells in vitro but not in vivo. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2015;10(3):225-236.##Funovics MA, Kapeller B, Hoeller C, Su HS, Kunstfeld R, Puig S, et al. MR imaging of the her2/neu and 9.2.27 tumor antigens using immunospecific contrast agents. Magn Reson Imaging 2004;22(6):843-850.##Grüttner C, Müller K, Teller J, Westphal F, Foreman A, Ivkov R. Synthesis and antibody conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles with improved specific power absorption rates for alternating magnetic field cancer therapy. J Magn Magn Mater 2007;311(1):181-186.##Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976;72:248-254.##Byler DM, Susi H. Examination of the secondary structure of proteins by deconvolved FTIR spectra. Biopolymers 1986;25(3):469-487.##Ullah R, Deb BK, Mollah MYA. Synthesis and characterization of silica coated iron-oxide composites of different ratios. Int J Compos Mater 2014;4(2):135-145.##Sahu AR, Bothara SB. Formulation and evaluation of phytosome drug delivery system of boswellia serrata extract. Int J Res Med 2015;4(2):94-99.##Moradi Khaniabadi P, Majid AMSA, Asif M, Moradi Khaniabadi B, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Jaafar MS. Breast cancer cell targeted MR molecular imaging probe: Anti-MUC1 antibody-based magnetic nanoparticles. J Physics Conf Series 2017;851:012014.##Mu K, Zhang S, Ai T, Jiang J, Yao Y, Jiang L, et al. 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Altered miR-223 Expression in Sputum for Diagnosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 2 2 Background: Diagnosis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) at an early stage is a daunting challenge due to the deficiency of specific noninvasive markers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the initiation and progression of NSCLC. Measuring miRNA expression levels could provide a potential approach for the diagnosis of NSCLC. Our goals were to examine miR-223, miR-212, miR-192, miR-3074, SNORD33 and SNORD37 expression levels in tissue and sputum of NSCLC patients and cancer free subjects for molecular diagnosis of NSCLC. Methods: Relative expressions of miR-223, miR-212, miR-192, miR-3074, SNORD33 and SNORD37 were examined with quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay in tissue and sputum obtained from 17 NSCLC patients and 17 controls. Results: miR-3074 was upregulated in tissue samples of NSCLC patients compared with control group. miR-223 was upregulated, miR-212 and SNORD37 were downer-gulated in sputum samples of patients compared with controls. miR-223 quantification produced 82% sensitivity and 95% specificity with areas under the ROC curve at 0.90 in detection of NSCLC. Conclusion: miR-223 clearly discriminated cancer patients from cancer-free subjects and our results suggest that miR-223 could be a diagnostic useful biomarker. The measurement of altered miRNA expression in sputum samples manifested the potential noninvasive approach for detection of lung cancer. 189 195 Abouzar Bagheri Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Iran Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Iran Seyed Javad Mowla Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Hassan Ali Mohebbi Trauma Research Center, Baghiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Trauma Research Center, Baghiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Iran Azam Mohammadian Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran Mehdi Yaseri Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Masoud Solaymani-Dodaran Iran University of Medical Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences Iran Masih Sherafatian Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Mahmood Tavallaie Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Iran MicroRNAsNon-small cell lung carcinomaSputum 290.pdf Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, et al. 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Tumor suppressive microRNA-1285 regulates novel molec-ular targets: aberrant expression and functional significance in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2012;3(1):44-57.##Jin L, Wessely O, Marcusson EG, Ivan C, Calin GA, Alahari SK. Prooncogenic factors miR-23b and miR-27b are regulated by Her2/Neu, EGF, and TNF-α in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013;73(9):2884-2896.##Chiyomaru T, Seki N, Inoguchi S, Ishihara T, Mataki H, Matsushita R, et al. Dual regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase genes EGFR and c-Met by the tumor-suppressive microRNA-23b/27b cluster in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2015;46(2):487-496.##Zhao G, Liu L, Zhao T, Jin S, Jiang S, Cao S, et al. Upregulation of miR-24 promotes cell proliferation by targeting NAIF1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015;36(5):3693-3701.##Pulikkan JA, Dengler V, Peramangalam PS, Zada AAP, Müller-Tidow C, Bohlander SK, et al. 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Retraction: The Frequency and Importance of Common α-globin Gene Deletions Among β-Thalassemia Carriers in an Iranian Population 2 2 Background: β-thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder in Iran, and one of the challenges in the screening of the carriers is the coinheritance of α-thalassemia mutations. In the view of high prevalence of α-thalassemia mutations in many parts of the country, the aim of this study was to determine the carrier frequency of common alpha deletions, as a secondary modifier in clinical manifestations of beta thalassemia, in known beta-thalassemia carriers and some hematology parameter changes. Methods: The study included families referred from different primary health care centers with microcytic hypochromic anemia [MCV<80fl; MCH<27 pg] and A2>3.4%]. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes by salting out method. For common β-globin gene mutation analysis, amplification refractory mutation system- polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and for rare β-thal alleles, DNA sequencing were used. Also, for investigation of common α-globin gene cluster deletions (-α3.7, -α4.2, --MED and -α20.5), multiplex Gap-PCR was performed. Results: Among 227 β-thalassemia minor individuals studied, α-globin gene deletions were found in 43 cases: 37 heterozygote -α3.7 (16.3%), 5 homo -α3.7 (2.2%) and 1 --MED (0.44%). Also, the co-inheritance of α-globin gene deletion and triplication was not found in the studied individuals.   Conclusion: Although it is highly recommended that physicians and genetic counselors involved in the screening program of beta-thal major in the country consider this phenomenon because of high prevalence of this coinheritance, hematologic indices changes are very slight. 196 200 Azam Moosavi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran IranIran Ali M. Ardekani Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Iran Alpha thalassemiaBeta thalassemiaHypochromic anemia 291.pdf ####

Alternative Splicing Generates Different 5' UTRs in OCT4B Variants 2 2 Background: The human OCT4 gene, responsible for pluripotency and self-renewal of Embryonic Stem (ES) and Embryonic Carcinoma (EC) cells, can generate several tran-scripts (OCT4A, OCT4B-variant 2, OCT4B-variant 3, OCT4B-variant 5, OCT4B1, OCT4 B2 and OCT4B3) by alternative splicing and alternative promoters. OCT4A that is responsible for ES and EC cell stemness properties is transcribed from a promoter upstream of Exon1a in those cells. The OCT4B group variants (OCT4B-variant2, OCT4B-variant3, OCT4B-variant5, OCT4B1, OCT4B2 and OCT4B3) are transcribed from a different promoter located in intron 1 and some of them respond to the cell stresses, but cannot sustain the ES/EC cell self-renewal. However, the exact function of OCT4B group variants is still unclear. Methods: In the present study, we employed RT-PCR and sequencing approaches to explore different forms of OCT4 transcripts. Results: Our data revealed that the OCT4B group variants (OCT4B-variant2, OCT4 B-variant3, OCT4B1, OCT4B2 and OCT4B3) have longer 5' UTR in the human bladder carcinoma cell line of 5637. Conclusion: These OCT4 variants undergo alternative splicing in their 5' UTR which might exert regulatory roles in transcription and translation mechanisms. 201 204 Ensieh M. Poursani Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Majid Mehravar Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Alireza Shahryari Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Seyed Javad Mowla Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Bahram Mohammad Soltani Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran Alternative splicingGenes5’untranslated regions 314.pdf Cauffman G1, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A, Van de Velde H. 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A Novel Mutation in SNX10 Gene Causes Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis 2 2 Background: Osteopetrosis is a group of genetically heterogonous diseases and the main feature of that is increased bone density due to osteoclast’s abnormality. It has three clinical forms based on inheritance pattern, severity and age of onset: the dominant benign form (ADO), the intermediate form (IRO) and the recessive severe form (ARO). One of the recently discovered genes for ARO form is SNX10 that accounts for 4% of affected persons by this type. Methods: In this paper, a 15 years old girl affected by osteopetrosis has been analyzed for detecting causal mutation in known osteopetrosis genes. To get it done, amplified exons of the genes were sequenced and then were analyzed. Results: Direct sequencing of SNX10 gene showed a homozygous c.43delG variant in the patient. Both healthy parents were heterozygous for this variant. In silico analysis revealed that this novel variant can be considered as the cause of disease in the patient. Conclusion: In this paper, a girl affected by osteopetrosis with a novel deletion in SNX10 gene was reported. 205 208 Akbar Amirfiroozy Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Amir A. Hamidieh Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Zahra Golchehre Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Azim Rezamand Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Iran Mahin Yahyaei Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Fatemeh Beiranvandi Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Soheyla Amirfiroozy Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Mohammad Keramatipour Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran IranMutationOsteopetrosisSNX10 292.pdf Del Fattore A, Cappariello A, Teti A. Genetics, patho-genesis and complications of osteopetrosis. Bone 2008;42(1):19-29.##Hamosh DA. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Mc-Kusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: Johns Hopkins University; 1966-2015 [cited 2015 04.12.2015]. Avail-able from: http://www.omim.org/.##Sobacchi C, Schulz A, Coxon FP, Villa A, Helfrich MH. Osteopetrosis: genetics, treatment and new insights into osteoclast function. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013;9(9):522-536.##Ye L, Morse LR, Battaglino RA. Snx10: a newly iden-tified locus associated with human osteopetrosis. IBMS BoneKEy 2013;2013(10).##Chen Y, Wu B, Xu L, Li H, Xia J, Yin W, et al. A SNX10/V-ATPase pathway regulates ciliogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Cell Res 2012;22(2):333-345.##Qin B, He M, Chen X, Pei D. Sorting nexin 10 induces giant vacuoles in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2006;281(48):36891-36896.##XU Y, Seet L, Hanson B, Hong W. The Phox homology (PX) domain, a new player in phosphoinositide signal-ling. Biochem J 2001;360(Pt 3):513-530.##Worby CA, Dixon JE. Sorting out the cellular functions of sorting nexins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002;3(12):919-931.##Ellson CD, Andrews S, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. The PX domain: a new phosphoinositide-binding module. J Cell Sci 2002;115(Pt 6):1099-1105.##Pangrazio A, Fasth A, Sbardellati A, Orchard PJ, Kasow KA, Raza J, et al. SNX10 mutations define a subgroup of human autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with variable clinical severity. J Bone Miner Res 2013;28(5):1041-1049.##