Translational Medicine and Biotechnology: Turning Discovery into Impact 2 2 <div><span style="font-size:14px">In modern drug development, the distance between a promising laboratory finding and a therapy that reaches patients is vast. This chasm aptly termed the Valley of Death is where most scientific breakthroughs stall. Translational medicine, empowered by rapidly advancing biotechnologies, is redefining how we bridge that gap and ensuring that innovation does not end at the bench <sup>1,2</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">Biotechnology now offers sophisticated tools such as organ‑on‑a‑chip systems, high‑content imaging, and AI‑driven predictive modeling. These platforms allow researchers to anticipate human biological responses with unprecedented accuracy. By identifying failures earlier before costly clinical trials begin translational approaches prevent billions of dollars from being spent on drug candidates that were never destined to succeed <sup>3</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">The traditional trajectory from discovery to clinical practice is notoriously slow. On average, only a small fraction of initial scientific insights become part of routine care, and the journey can take nearly two decades. Translational medicine challenges this inertia by creating integrated, multidisciplinary pathways that accelerate progress. The goal is simple yet profound: lifesaving therapies should not languish in academic journals or laboratory freezers<sup> 4-7</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Precision Medicine: Where the Two Fields Converge</strong></span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">The most compelling expression of the biotechnology–translational medicine partnership is precision medicine. Biotechnology generates the raw data genomic sequences, proteomic profiles, and molecular signatures while translational medicine interprets these data to guide real clinical decisions. The result is a paradigm in which treatments are tailored not to the “average” patient, but to the individual.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">Yet this is also where many promising ideas falter. Scaling a therapeutic from concept to clinic requires extraordinary financial investment, and biological systems often behave unpredictably when moving from animal models to humans. The collaboration between biotech innovation and translational rigor is essential to overcoming these barriers <sup>4-7</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Biomarkers: The Early Signals of Success</strong></span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">Biotechnology has revolutionized biomarker discovery, enabling the identification of measurable indicators that reflect disease states or therapeutic responses. Translational medicine then brings these biomarkers into clinical trials, allowing researchers to determine whether a drug is working long before symptoms change. This early insight can reshape trial design, reduce risk, and accelerate regulatory decision‑making <sup>3</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>A Case Study in Synergy: mRNA Vaccines</strong></span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">The global rollout of COVID‑19 mRNA vaccines stands as a landmark example of what is possible when biotechnology and translational medicine operate in harmony.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">1. Basic science laid the foundation through decades of research on RNA biology and lipid nanoparticle delivery.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">2. Biotechnology enabled the scalable, rapid synthesis of stable mRNA constructs.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">3. Translational medicine designed and executed clinical trials at unprecedented speed, moving from bench to bedside in under a year.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">This achievement was not a scientific anomaly it was a demonstration of what coordinated innovation can accomplish <sup>3</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Emerging Trends Shaping the Future</strong></span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">Several developments are poised to further transform the landscape:</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">• AI‑driven drug discovery: Machine learning models can now predict molecular behavior in human systems before a compound is even synthesized.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">• Liquid biopsies: Detecting tumor DNA through a simple blood draw is bringing earlier, less invasive cancer diagnostics into clinical reality.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">• mRNA therapeutics beyond infectious disease: Personalized mRNA vaccines for melanoma and other cancers are already entering clinical pipelines.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">These trends highlight a future in which biotechnology provides increasingly powerful tools, and translational medicine ensures they reach patients swiftly and safely<sup> 3</sup>.</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></div> <div><span style="font-size:14px">Biotechnology gives us the alphabet the fundamental building blocks of biological insight. 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Artificial Intelligence-Assisted CRISPR Gene Editing: Current Advances, Clinical Challenges, and Future Directions in Precision Medicine 2 2 <p>Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have profoundly transformed the field of genome editing, particularly through integration with the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology. This review highlights how AI-driven computational models are reshaping guide RNA (gRNA) design, off-target prediction, and editing precision in CRISPR–Cas systems. A PRISMA-informed literature survey was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies exploring AI-assisted CRISPR applications in gene therapy and biomedical research. The results demonstrate that deep learning, machine learning, and reinforcement learning approaches significantly enhance prediction accuracy, algorithmic efficiency, and translational potential across genetic diseases such as β-thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, and cancer. Moreover, ethical challenges, algorithmic bias, and data security concerns remain critical barriers to clinical adoption. This review also discusses the emerging landscape of AI-assisted CRISPR research in Iran, emphasizing national progress, infrastructural constraints, and future opportunities. Overall, the convergence of AI and CRISPR technologies promises to advance precision medicine by accelerating the development of personalized, efficient, and ethically responsible genome-editing solutions.</p> 3 15 Mahdi Yousefian Maryam Baharmast Department of Advanced Technologies, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University Department of Advanced Technologies, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University Iran Artificial intelligenceCRISPR-Cas systemsGene editingMachine learningPrecision medicine 70633.pdf Qi LS, Larson MH, Gilbert LA, Doudna JA, Weissman JS, Arkin AP, et al. Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell 2013 Feb 28;152(5):1173-83.##Gilbert LA, Larson MH, Morsut L, Liu Z, Brar GA, Torres SE, et al. CRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes. Cell 2013 Jul 18;154(2):442-51.##Joung J, Konermann S, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Platt RJ, Brigham MD, et al. 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HLA Type and the Effect of HLA Antibodies in Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas Transplantation: A Review 2 2 <p>Solid Organ Transplantation (SOT) has evolved from being an experimental procedure to a well-established therapeutic option for patients with end-stage organ failure. Among the most prevalent types of transplantation are liver, kidney, and pancreas transplants. Progress in surgical techniques and organ procurement has led to a decrease in complications, such as ischemic injury. Nevertheless, immune-mediated graft rejection continues to pose a significant challenge. The purpose of this review is to underscore the significance of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) in the outcomes of SOT, particularly its critical role in donor–recipient matching, the risk of rejection, and the long-term survival of grafts. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature concerning the relationship between HLA and SOT was conducted, focusing on the function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, HLA typing, and the effects of HLA diversity on organ matching and clinical results. HLA typing serves as a fundamental element in assessing donor–recipient compatibility and minimizing the chances of graft rejection. The extensive polymorphism of HLA alleles, along with the existence of donor-specific anti-bodies, complicates the matching process, influences waiting periods, and impacts graft prognosis. Modulating HLA-mediated immune responses has the potential to enhance graft stability in liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. HLA molecules are crucial to the success of SOT. Ongoing clinical trials investigating novel immunosuppressive agents and HLA-targeted strategies may improve rejection management and long-term transplant outcomes. This review highlights the critical importance of HLA in liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation.</p> 16 31 Edalat Zarei Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Jamshid Roozbeh Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Hamed Nikoupour Deylami Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Saman Nikeghbalian Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Mahbube Ahrami Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Farukhruzi Nasrollozoda National Scientific Center for Human Organs and Tissues Transplantation, State Medical University National Scientific Center for Human Organs and Tissues Transplantation, State Medical University Republic of Tajikistan, Tajikistan Ahmad Hashemzehi Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Masoud Hashemzaei HLA antigensKidneyLiverPancreasSolid organ transplantation 70634.pdf Mosaad YM. 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Bortezomib for acute antibody-mediated rejection in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012 Sep;12(9):2526-31.##Goh A, Scalamogna M, De Feo T, Poli F, Terasaki PI. Human leukocyte antigen crossmatch testing is important for liver retransplantation. Liver Transpl 2010 Mar;16(3):308-13.##Girnita A, Mazariegos GV, Castellaneta A, Reyes J, Bentlejewski C, Thomson AW, et al. Liver transplant recipients weaned off immunosuppression lack circulating donor-specific antibodies. Hum Immunol. 2010 Mar;71(3):274-6.##Feng S, Ekong UD, Lobritto SJ, Demetris AJ, Roberts JP, Rosenthal P, et al. Complete immunosuppression withdrawal and subsequent allograft function among pediatric recipients of parental living donor liver transplants. JAMA 2012 Jan 18;307(3):283-93.##Scornik JC, Soldevilla-Pico C, Van der Werf WJ, Hemming AW, Reed AI, Langham MR Jr, et al. Susceptibility of liver allografts to high or low concentrations of preformed antibodies as measured by flow cytometry. Am J Transplant 2001 Jul;1(2):152-6. ##Hirata Y, Yoshizawa A, Egawa H, Ueda D, Okamoto S, Okajima H, et al. Impact of Antibodies That React With Liver Tissue and Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies in Pediatric Idiopathic Posttransplantation Hepatitis. Transplantation 2017 May;101(5):1074-1083.##Vij M, Rammohan A, Rela M. Long-term liver allograft fibrosis: A review with emphasis on idiopathic post-transplant hepatitis and chronic antibody mediated rejection. World J Hepatol 2022 Aug 27;14(8):1541-1549.##Banff Working Group; Demetris AJ, Adeyi O, Bellamy CO, Clouston A, Charlotte F, et al. Liver biopsy interpretation for causes of late liver allograft dysfunction. Hepatology 2006 Aug;44(2):489-501.##Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Haga H, Egawa H, Hayashino Y, Uemoto S, Manabe T. Idiopathic post-transplantation hepatitis following living donor liver transplantation, and significance of autoantibody titre for outcome. Transpl Int 2009 Mar;22(3):303-12.##Hernandez HM, Kovarik P, Whitington PF, Alonso EM. Autoimmune hepatitis as a late complication of liver transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001 Feb;32(2):131-6.##Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Haga H, Sakurai T, Shirase T, Manabe T, Egawa H. De Novo autoimmune hepatitis affecting allograft but not the native liver in auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2003 Jul 15;76(1):271-2.##Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Haga H, Egawa H, Hayashino Y, Sakurai T, Minamiguchi S, Tanaka K, et al. Outcome and risk factors of De Novo autoimmune hepatitis in living-donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 2004 Jul 15;78(1):128-35.##Venick RS, McDiarmid SV, Farmer DG, Gornbein J, Martin MG, Vargas JH, et al. Rejection and steroid dependence: unique risk factors in the development of pediatric posttransplant De Novo autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Transplant 2007 Apr;7(4):955-63.##Andries S, Casamayou L, Sempoux C, Burlet M, Reding R, Bernard Otte J, Buts JP, Sokal E. Posttransplant immune hepatitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients: incidence and maintenance therapy with azathioprine. Transplantation 2001 Jul 27;72(2):267-72.##Muro M, López-Álvarez MR, Campillo JA, Marin L, Moya-Quiles MR, Bolarín JM, et al. Influence of human leukocyte antigen mismatching on rejection development and allograft survival in liver transplantation: is the relevance of HLA-A locus matching being underestimated? Transpl Immunol 2012 Mar;26(2-3):88-93. ##Liu W, Wang K, Xiao YL, Liu C, Gao W, Li DH. Clinical relevance of donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies after pediatric liver transplantation. Exp Ther Med 2021 Aug;22(2):867.##Musat AI, Agni RM, Wai PY, Pirsch JD, Lorentzen DF, Powell A, Leverson GE, Bellingham JM, Fernandez LA, Foley DP, Mezrich JD, D'Alessandro AM, Lucey MR. The significance of donor-specific HLA antibodies in rejection and ductopenia development in ABO compatible liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2011 Mar;11(3):500-10.##Del Bello A, Congy-Jolivet N, Muscari F, Lavayssière L, Esposito L, Cardeau-Desangles I, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies in maintenance liver transplant patients. Am J Transplantc 2014 Apr;14(4):867-75. ##Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Yoshizawa A, Uchida Y, Egawa H, Yurugi K, Masuda S, et al. Progressive graft fibrosis and donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies in pediatric late liver allografts. Liver Transpl 2012 Nov;18(11):1333-42.##Wozniak LJ, Hickey MJ, Venick RS, Vargas JH, Farmer DG, Busuttil RW, et al. Donor-specific HLA Antibodies Are Associated With Late Allograft Dysfunction After Pediatric Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2015 Jul;99(7):1416-22.##Schroeder HW Jr, Cavacini L. Structure and function of immunoglobulins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010 Feb;125(2 Suppl 2):S41-52.##O'Leary JG, Kaneku H, Banuelos N, Jennings LW, Klintmalm GB, Terasaki PI. Impact of IgG3 subclass and C1q-fixing donor-specific HLA alloantibodies on rejection and survival in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015 Apr;15(4):1003-13.##Filippone EJ, Farber JL. The Humoral Theory of Transplantation: Epitope Analysis and the Pathogenicity of HLA Antibodies. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:5197396.##OʼLeary JG, Samaniego M, Barrio MC, Potena L, Zeevi A, Djamali A, Cozzi E. The Influence of Immunosuppressive Agents on the Risk of De Novo Donor-Specific HLA Antibody Production in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2016 Jan;100(1):39-53.##Hamada S, Dumortier J, Thévenin C, Pageaux GP, Faure S, Guillaud O, et al. Predictive value of HLAMatchmaker and PIRCHE-II scores for De Novo donor-specific antibody formation after adult and pediatric liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2020 Aug;61:101306.##Kok G, Verstegen MMA, Houwen RHJ, Nieuwenhuis EES, Metselaar HJ, Polak WG, et al. Assessment of human leukocyte antigen matching algorithm PIRCHE-II on liver transplantation outcomes. Liver Transpl. 2022 Aug;28(8):1356-1366. ##Knechtle SJ, Kwun J. Unique aspects of rejection and tolerance in liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis. 2009 Feb;29(1):91-101.##Nakamura T, Shirouzu T. Antibody-mediated rejection and recurrent primary disease: two main obstacles in abdominal kidney, liver, and pancreas transplants. J Clin Med 2021 Nov 19;10(22):5417.##Sood S, Testro AG. Immune monitoring post liver transplant. World J Transplant 2014 Mar 24;4(1):30-9.##Hanvesakul R, Spencer N, Cook M, Gunson B, Hathaway M, Brown R, et al. Donor HLA-C genotype has a profound impact on the clinical outcome following liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008 Sep;8(9):1931-41.##Lu G, Lu Y, He Y, Chen W, Zhu F. Impact of human leukocyte antigen mismatch between donor-recipient on acute rejection in liver transplantation using next-generation sequencing: a single-center study. Front Immunol 2025 May 20;16:1576815.##

Challenges of the Application of Emerging Neuroscience Technologies in Courts 2 2 <p>Significant advances in neuroscience have improved the ability of physicians to diagnose and manage neurological and psychiatric disorders in patients. The use of neuroscience evidence in criminal trials in developed countries has increased significantly in the last two decades. This rapid increase has raised questions among the legal and scientific communities about the effects that these technologies can have on judicial decision-makers. The role of neuroscience in criminal liability is a topic that has been discussed in recent years. The purpose of this article is to review the use of neuroscience evidence in the criminal justice system, as well as current research examining the effects of neuroscience evidence on judicial decision-makers in criminal cases. This review is warranted given legal and scientific concerns about the impact of potential bias. The present study was conducted and analyzed using a documentary method and with reference to research published in the last four years. Some argue that neuroscience is irrelevant in the criminal court, while others believe that it can help prove the lack of control of behavior by many criminals. However, the truth is likely somewhere in between, as certain types of neuroscience evidence may be useful and relevant in criminal trials. This article describes recent advances in neuroscience in the fields of functional neuroimaging and artificial intelligence "deep learning" algorithms, and examines the legal and ethical challenges and potential benefits and drawbacks</p> 32 38 Hassan Bakhtiary Depertment of Neurosciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Depertment of Neurosciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Iran Shahriar Eslamitabar Department of Health Law, Smart University of Medical Sciences (SMUMS) Department of Health Law, Smart University of Medical Sciences (SMUMS) Iran Shirin Shirazian Department of Law, Sciences and Researches Branches of Azad University Department of Law, Sciences and Researches Branches of Azad University Iran Ehsan Lame AlgorithmsArtificial intelligenceCriminal lawDeep learningDeveloped countriesCriminalsMental disordersFunctional neuroimaging 70635.pdf Ovie Peled, Neuroanalyst, translated by Alireza Abedin, Zhaleh Dejdar, Qatra Publishing 2018, p. 51.##Matthias Todo, International Neurolaw, Springer, 2012, p16.##Garland B, Glimcher PW. Cognitive neuroscience and the law. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006 Apr;16(2):130-4.##MaRac L. Forensic neuropsychology in the criminal court. A socio-legal perspective. In: Adam J. Carter, Anthony R. Beech, Pia Rotshtein, Ruth E. Mann. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neurosciences. Wiley; 2018. p.1032.##Fredenberg J, Silverman Gordon, The Fallen Translators of the Present and Others, Cognitive Sciences, An Introduction to Mind Studies, Defense Industries Institute Publications, 2nd Edition 2016, p. 228.##Jeff Hawkins, A Thousand Brains, translated by Dr. Qasem Kiani, Maziar Publishing, 2018, p. 55.##Farahany NA. Neuroscience and behavioral genetics in US criminal law: an empirical analysis. J Law Biosci 2016 Jan 14;2(3):485-509.##Denno DW. The myth of the double-edged sword: An empirical study of neuroscience evidence in criminal cases. Boston College Law Review 2015;56(2):494-551.##Denno DW. The myth of the double-edged sword: An empirical study of neuroscience evidence in criminal cases. Boston College Law Review 2015;56(2):493-551.##Opderbeck DW. The problem with neurolaw. Louis ULJ. 2013;58:497.##Verma A, Kafaltiya AB, Deepak Singh D, Piyush, Shar- ma Sh, Srivastava P. A Review of Neurolaw and its Contribution To the Judiciary. INT J SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RE- SEARCH 2020;9(02):466.##Tigano V, Cascini GL, Sanchez-Castañeda C, Péran P, Sabatini U. Neuroimaging and Neurolaw: Drawing the Future of Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019 Apr 8;10:217.##Jones OD. The future of law and neuroscience. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2021;63:1317.##Gerald Edelman, Language and Consciousness, Translated by Reza Nilipour, Niloufar Publications, 2016, p. 63.##Mel Thompson, Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind, translated by Mehran Davar, Naqsh-e-Negar Publications, Third Edition, 1398, p. 114.##Tigano, Vincenzo, et al. "Neuroimaging and Neurolaw: Drawing the Future of Aging." 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Step-by-Step Preparation of Immobilized Recombinant Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (SpA): A Versatile Tool for Efficient Antibody Purification 2 2 <p>Background: This study highlights the significance of using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Protein A (SpA) for antibody purification. Methods: The gene encoding Protein A was isolated from S. aureus and cloned into the pET-28a vector. Following transformation into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21, recombinant Protein A was expressed and purified using a nickel affinity resin. Results: The recombinant expression of protein A produced a yield of 50 mg/L, indicating a substantial production efficiency. The characterization of the recombinant protein through various ELISA tests confirmed its binding affinity to antibodies. Subsequently, the recombinant Protein A was immobilized on two different matrices: activated Sepharose 4B and amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Conclusion: The immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles presents a versatile alternative, offering the advantages of rapid separation, high surface area, and ease of handling. Magnetic nanoparticles facilitate automation and reduce processing time, making them particularly attractive for clinical and industrial applications. These immobilized forms were used to efficiently purify serum IgG, demonstrating the potential of Protein A as an effective tool for antibody isolation in biotechnological applications.</p> 39 47 Mahboobeh Nazari Zahra Salimzadeh Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Amir-Hassan Zarnani Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesReproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesReproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR IranIran Roya Ghods Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Iran Ramin Ghahremanzadeh Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran 8-OHdGCASP3CollagenCurcumaTIMP1 70636.pdf Cramer SM, Holstein MA. Downstream bioprocessing: recent advances and future promise. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2011 Oct 1;1(1):27-37.##Shanu K, Choudhary S, Kumari S, Anu K, Devi S. Downstream Processing for Bio-product Recovery and Purification. InRecent Advances in Bioprocess Engineering and Bioreactor Design 2024 May 14 (pp. 139-169). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.##Roque AC, Silva CS, Taipa MA. Affinity-based methodologies and ligands for antibody purification: advances and perspectives. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Aug 10;1160(1-2):44-55.##Hunt B, Goddard C, Middelberg AP, O’Neill BK. Economic analysis of immunoadsorption systems. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2001 Dec 1;9(2):135-45.##Roque AC, Lowe CR. Advances and applications of de novo designed affinity ligands in proteomics. Biotechnol Adv 2006 Jan-Feb;24(1):17-26.##Baral TN, MacKenzie R, Arbabi Ghahroudi M. Single-domain antibodies and their utility. Curr Protoc Immunol 2013 Nov 18;103:2.17.1-2.17.57.##Mitra S, Tomar PC. Hybridoma technology; advancements, clinical significance, and future aspects. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021 Oct 18;19(1):159.##Roque AC, Lowe CR, Taipa MA. Antibodies and genetically engineered related molecules: production and purification. Biotechnol Prog 2004 May-Jun;20(3):639-54.##Arora S, Saxena V, Ayyar BV. Affinity chromatography: A versatile technique for antibody purification. Methods 2017 Mar 1;116:84-94.##Gagnon P. Technology trends in antibody purification. J Chromatogr A 2012 Jan 20;1221:57-70.##Fassina G, Ruvo M, Palombo G, Verdoliva A, Marino M. Novel ligands for the affinity-chromatographic purification of antibodies. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2001 Oct 30;49(1-3):481-90.##Denizli A. Purification of antibodies by affinity chromatography. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 2011;39(1):1-8.##Kim HS, Hage DS. Immobilization methods for affinity chromatography. Handbook of affinity chromatography 2006;2:35-78.##Bacon K, Lavoie A, Rao BM, Daniele M, Menegatti S. Past, Present, and Future of Affinity-based Cell Separation Technologies. Acta Biomater 2020 Aug;112:29-51.##Alvikas J, Neal MD. Modern Techniques for DNA, RNA, and Protein Assessment. Success in Academic Surgery: Basic Science 2019 Apr 30:65-104.##Rigi G, Ghaedmohammadi S, Ahmadian G. A comprehensive review on staphylococcal protein A (SpA): Its production and applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019 May;66(3):454-464.##Lee HG, Kang S, Lee JS. Binding characteristics of staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G for fragment crystallizable portion of human immunoglobulin G. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021 Jun 4;19:3372-3383.##Zarrineh M, Mashhadi IS, Farhadpour M, Ghassempour A. Mechanism of antibodies purification by protein A. Anal Biochem 2020 Nov 15;609:113909.##Wines BD, Trist HM, Farrugia W, Ngo C, Trowsdale J, Areschoug T, et al. A conserved host and pathogen recognition site on immunoglobulins: structural and functional aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012;946:87-112. ##Choe W, Durgannavar TA, Chung SJ. Fc-Binding Ligands of Immunoglobulin G: An Overview of High Affinity Proteins and Peptides. Materials (Basel) 2016 Dec 8;9(12):994.##Ayyar BV, Arora S, Murphy C, O'Kennedy R. Affinity chromatography as a tool for antibody purification. Methods 2012 Feb;56(2):116-29.##J. Sambrook, E. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 2012 Edition (Final), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, 4th, 2012. 448.##Nazari M, Zarnani AH, Ghods R, Emamzadeh R, Najafzadeh S, Minai-Tehrani A, et al. Optimized protocol for soluble prokaryotic expression, purification and structural analysis of human placenta specific-1(PLAC1). Protein Expr Purif 2017 May;133:139-151.##He F. Bradford protein assay. Bio-protocol. 2011 Mar 20:e45.##Nazari M, Emamzadeh R, Masoudi-Khoram N, Nazari M. Immobilization of albumin binding domain (ABD) on Sepharose 4B and magnetic particle for efficient single-step purification of human serum albumin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2025 Jul 1;1261:124655.##Rashid Z, Naeimi H, Zarnani AH, Nazari M, Nejadmoghaddam MR, Ghahremanzadeh R. Fast and highly efficient purification of 6× histidine-tagged recombinant proteins by Ni-decorated MnFe2O4@ SiO2@ NH2@ 2AB as novel and efficient affinity adsorbent magnetic nanoparticles. RSC Advances 2016 Apr 12;6(43):36840-8.##Rigi G, Mohammadi SG, Arjomand MR, Ahmadian G, Noghabi KA. Optimization of extracellular truncated staphylococcal protein A expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014 Mar-Apr;61(2):217-25.##Kastenhofer J, Rettenbacher L, Feuchtenhofer L, Mairhofer J, Spadiut O. Inhibition of E. coli Host RNA Polymerase Allows Efficient Extracellular Recombinant Protein Production by Enhancing Outer Membrane Leakiness. 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Curcuma xanthorrhiza Extract Modulates CASP3 and TIMP1 Expression and Regulates 8-OHdG, Collagen, and Protein Levels in UV-Induced BJ Cells 2 2 <p>Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation poses a significant health risk, particularly in high-exposure regions including Indonesia, contributing to more than 1.5 million UV-related Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally due to its involvement in photoaging, skin cancers, and chronic inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract (CXE) mitigating effects against UV-induced damage in human dermal fibroblasts (BJ cells) by assessing gene expression, protein integrity, DNA damage, and collagen levels. Methods: BJ fibroblasts were irradiated to UV radiation and given CXE at 3.13–12.5 µg/ml concentrations. TIMP1 and CASP3 gene expression were analyzed via qRT-PCR, while total protein, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and collagen content were measured using ELISA. Results: CXE treatment significantly upregulated TIMP1 and downregulated CASP3 expression in a concentration-dependent manner, with the strongest effects showed at 12.5 µg/ml (p<0.05). At the same concentration, CXE significantly restored total protein levels, reduced 8-OHdG accumulation, and preserved collagen content compared with the UV-induced control (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest CXE exerts reparative effects against UV-induced photoaging through antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) preserving mechanisms, supporting its potential as a botanical anti-aging therapy.</p> 48 54 Wahyu Widowati Meilinah Hidayat Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia Indonesia Rita Tjokropranoto Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University Indonesia Dwi Nur Triharsiwi Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama Indonesia Hanna Sari Widya Kusuma Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama Indonesia 8-OHdGCASP3CollagenCurcumaTIMP1 70637.pdf Kaiser I, Pfahlberg A, Lehmann M, Buchta E, Uter W, Gefeller O. The extent of public awareness and use of the global solar UV index as a worldwide health promotion instrument to improve sun protection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Photochem Photobiol 2024;101(3):636-659.##Silva V, Wang X, Montelpare W, Kınay P. A literature review of climate change-related risk factors for cancer development. Environ Res Health 2025;3:022003.##Neale R, Lucas R, Byrne S, Hollestein L, Rhodes L, Yazar S, et al. The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023;22(5):1011-1047.##Tikle S, Beig G. Is ultraviolet radiation a confounding variable for COVID-19 in India?. J ISAS 2022;1(1):123-137.##Janka E, Ványai B, Dajnoki Z, Szabó I, Reibl D, Komka I, et al. Regional variability of melanoma incidence and prevalence in Hungary. Epidemiological impact of ambient UV radiation and socioeconomic factors. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021;31(4):377-384.##Mahmoodpour S, Shooshtari L, Rafiefard N, Mohammadpour R, Taghavinia N, Vashaee D. Scalable and cost-effective fabrication of high-performance self-powered heterojunction UV-photodetectors using slot-die printing of triple-cation lead perovskite coupled with triboelectric nanogenerators. J Phys Energy 2023;6(1):015014.##He Y, Zheng X, Hu Y, Deng L, Xu J, Wu S. Proteomics analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of theacrine against UV‐induced skin photodamage. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2023;39(6):620-632.##Tchetina E, Glemba K, Markova G, Naryshkin E, Таскина Е, Макаров М, et al. Development of postoperative pain in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis is associated with upregulation of genes related to extracellular matrix degradation, inflammation, and apoptosis. Life (Basel) 2020;10(10):224.##Ma B, Ueda H, Okamoto K, Bando M, Fujimoto S, Okada Y, et al. TIMP1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion capability of right‐sided colon cancers via the FAK/AKT signaling pathway. Cancer Sci 2022;113(12):4244-4257.##Cho E, Ahn S, Shin K, Lee J, Hwang H, Choi Y. Protective effect of red light-emitting diode against UV-B radiation-induced skin damage in SKH:HR-2 hairless mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024;46(6):5655–5667.##Lee Y, Jeong D, Jeun Y, Choe H, Yang S. Preventive and ameliorative effects of potato exosomes on UVB induced photodamage in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Mol Med Rep 2023;28(3):1-10.##Hoskin R, Pambianchi E, Pecorelli A, Grace M, Therrien J, Valacchi G, et al. Novel spray dried algae-rosemary particles attenuate pollution-induced skin damage. Molecules 2021;26(13):3781.##Sharma M. Understanding the impact of UV radiation on skin health: mechanisms, risks, and photoprotection strategies. Indian J Health Care Med Pharm Pract 2024;5(1):88-95.##Karagöz I, Simitcioglu B. Ex vivo UV-C protective effect of Aloe vera. Bitlis Eren Univ Sci J 2024;13(1):23-29.##Nur S, Hanafi M, Setiawan H, Elya B. In vitro ultra violet (UV) protection of curculigo latifolia extract as a sunscreen candidate. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022 Dec 1 (Vol. 1116, No. 1, p. 012009). IOP Publishing.##Minarni M, Asyhar R, Juliana D, Yudha YS, Nurcholis W. Analysis of rhizome color and phytochemical content of 10 accessions of Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. in Jambi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 2023 Jan 18;24(1).##Alolga R, Wang F, Zhang X, Li J, Tran L, Yin X. Bioactive compounds from the Zingiberaceae family with known antioxidant activities for possible therapeutic uses. Antioxidants 2022;11(7):1281.##Pabuprapap W, Nakyai W, Chaichompoo W, Pheedee N, Phetkeereerat S, Viyoch J, et al. Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma comosa extracts and isolated constituents provide protection against UVB-induced damage and attenuate MMP-1 expression in HaCaT cells. Cosmetics 2022;9(1):23.##Rahmat E, Lee J, Kang Y. Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza): ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biotechnology, and pharmacological activities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9960813.##Barbalho S, Gonzaga H, Souza G, Goulart R, Gonzaga M, Rezende B. Dermatological effects of Curcuma species: a systematic review. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021;46(5):825-833.##Marini M, Priatni H, Darotulmutmainnah A, Safitri D. Physical evaluation of Curcuma rhizome extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) formulation in anti-acne loose powder. Med Sains J Ilm Kefarmasian 2023;8(2):871-878.##Darsono L, Widowati W, Lucianus J, Setiabudi E, Obeng SS, Stefani S, et al. The ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea attenuates SMADs and REGs regulation in dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus rat model. Nat Prod Sci 2023;29(4):193-199.##Widowati W, Dani D, Vera V, Wargasetia TL, Rahardja F, Tih F, Hadiprasetyo DS. Salacca zalacca extract’s antiaging effect on aging genes, protein levels, and apoptosis in UV-induced fibroblast cells. 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Expression, Purification, and Application of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein for Serological Detection of IgG and IgM Antibodies 2 2 <p>Background: SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that has caused dramatic loss of life and poses an unprecedented public health challenge worldwide. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the most abundant viral protein and a potent immunogen. Methods: In the current study, the N gene of SARS-CoV-2 was amplified from RNA extracted from a COVID-19 positive patient and then cloned into the pCold-I expression vector. The full-length His-tagged N protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) using 0.5 mM IPTG and subsequently purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The purified N protein was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. Furthermore, the purified N protein was applied in SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM ELISA immunoassays. Results: The results showed that purification of the N protein in the presence of urea yielded a protein band of approximately 48 kDa on SDS-PAGE, corresponding to the full-length N protein. Additionally, Western blot analysis of the purified recombinant N protein showed a band of the same molecular weight. In the SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA assay, anti-N protein antibodies from a COVID-19 positive patient’s serum successfully recognized the coated N protein. In the IgM ELISA test, an N-HRP conjugate was used in ELISA wells to reveal the interaction of HRP-conjugated N protein with pre-coated anti-N protein antibodies (IgM isotype). Conclusion: These results indicate that the expressed N protein of SARS-CoV-2 could serve as a valuable reagent for the development of antibody-based immunoassays to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies.</p> 55 60 Saeideh Zamani Koukhaloo Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Farshid Moosavi Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Bahareh Zamani Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Niloofar Agharezaee Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Parisa Yousefi Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mahboobeh Nazari Jafar Mahmoudian ELISANucleocapsid (N) proteinRecombinant protein expressionSARS-CoV-2Serological diagnosis 70638.pdf Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020 Mar;579(7798):265-269.##Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020 Mar;55(3):105924.##Gao T, Gao Y, Liu X, Nie Z, Sun H, Lin K, Peng H, Wang S. Identification and functional analysis of the SARS-COV-2 nucleocapsid protein. BMC Microbiol 2021 Feb 22;21(1):58.##Djukic T, Mladenovic M, Stanic-Vucinic D, Radosavljevic J, Smiljanic K, Sabljic L, et al. Expression, purification and immunological characterization of recombinant nucleocapsid protein fragment from SARS-CoV-2. Virology 2021 May;557:15-22.##Song W, Fang Z, Ma F, Li J, Huang Z, Zhang Y, et al. The role of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in diagnosis and vaccination in the context of emerging variants: present status and prospects. Front Microbiol 2023 Aug 14;14:1217567.##Pandey SK, Mohanta GC, Kumar V, Gupta K. Diagnostic Tools for Rapid Screening and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Jul 28;10(8):1200.##Liu PP, Zong Y, Jiang SP, Jiao YJ, Yu XJ. Development of a Nucleocapsid Protein-Based ELISA for Detection of Human IgM and IgG Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. ACS Omega. 2021 Apr 1;6(14):9667-9671.##Pei H, Liu J, Cheng Y, Sun C, Wang C, Lu Y, et al. Expression of SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis for serodiagnosis and mucosal vaccination. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005 Aug;68(2):220-7.##Márquez-Ipiña AR, González-González E, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Lara-Mayorga IM, Mejía-Manzano LA, Sánchez-Salazar MG, et al. Serological Test to Determine Exposure to SARS-CoV-2: ELISA Based on the Receptor-Binding Domain of the Spike Protein (S-RBDN318-V510) Expressed in Escherichia coli. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021 Feb 10;11(2):271.##Gaeta A, Angeloni A, Napoli A, Pucci B, Cinti L, Roberto P, et al. Anti-N SARS-CoV-2 assays for evaluation of natural viral infection. J Immunol Methods 2023 Jul;518:113486.##Liang Y, Wang ML, Chien CS, Yarmishyn AA, Yang YP, Lai WY, et al. Recombinant expression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in Escherichia coli. Protein Expression and Purification, 2020, 171, 105–112.##Mahmood N, Xie J. An endogenous 'non-specific' protein detected by a His-tag antibody is human transcription regulator YY1. Data Brief. 2014 Dec 31;2:52-5.##Di Domenico M, De Rosa A, Boccellino M. Detection of SARS-COV-2 Proteins Using an ELISA Test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021 Apr 14;11(4):698.##Spencer KA, Osorio FA, Hiscox JA. Recombinant viral proteins for use in diagnostic ELISAs to detect virus infection. Vaccine 2007 Jul 26;25(30):5653-9.##Luo J, Brakel A, Krizsan A, Ludwig T, Mötzing M, Volke D, et al. Sensitive and specific serological ELISA for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Virol J 2022 Mar 19;19(1):50.##Wu W, Cheng Y, Zhou H, Sun C, Zhang S. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein: its role in the viral life cycle, structure and functions, and use as a potential target in the development of vaccines and diagnostics. Virol J 2023 Jan 10;20(1):6.##Krammer F. The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019 Jun;19(6):383-397.##Scourfield DO, Reed SG, Quastel M, Alderson J, Bart VMT, Teijeira Crespo A, et al. The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review. Oxf Open Immunol 2021 Jan 28;2(1):iqab003.##

Sophoraflavanone G in Nano-niosomal Form: Implications for Bacterial Inhibition, Biofilm Disruption, and Cancer Suppression 2 2 <h2><span style="font-size:13pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Background:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Sophoraflavanone G, SG, is a flavonoid compound found in Sophora<em> </em>species with various biological properties, including antibacterial, anticancer, antibiofilm activities. However, this compound shows limited solubility in water, which reduces its bioavailability and hinders its practical application. To overcome this barrier, SG nano-niosomal form was prepared.</span></span></h2> <h2><span style="font-size:13pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Methods:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> In the current study, a nano-niosomal form of SG was prepared using cholesterol (Chol) and Tween 20. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were assessed by disc and well diffusion and biofilm assays, respectively, while anticancer specificity was evaluated by MTT on KB and L929 cell lines.</span></span></h2> <h2><span style="font-size:13pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Disc and well diffusion assays showed a reduction in planktonic antibacterial activity of niosomal SG compared with free SG, whereas biofilm assays improved antibiofilm effects; MTT assays indicated reduced cytotoxicity toward L929 cells with retained activity against KB cancer cells, suggesting improved anticancer specificity.</span></span></h2> <h2><span style="font-size:13pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Conclusion:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> While niosomal formulation decreased SG’s activity against planktonic bacteria, it enhanced antibiofilm effects and improved anticancer specificity by reducing toxicity to normal cells, making niosomal SG a promising candidate for cancer-directed therapeutic applications despite limited antimicrobial gains.</span></span></h2> 61 68 Manouchehr Teymouri Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Sciences Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Sciences IranIran Reyhaneh Khayyer Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Sciences Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Sciences Iran Milad Iranshahy Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Iran Reza Salarinia Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Sciences Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Sciences Iran Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Iran Ameneh Mohammdi Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Iran Toktam Memariani School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Science School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Science Iran Samaneh Mollazadeh Antibacterial agentsAnticancer agentsAnti-infective agentsNiosomesSophoraflavanone G 70639.pdf Van De Schans MG, Bovee TF, Stoopen GM, Lorist M, Gruppen H, Vincken JP. Prenylation and backbone structure of flavonoids and isoflavonoids from licorice and hop influence their phase I and II metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 2015;63(49):10628-40.##Jung HA, Jin SE, Choi RJ, Manh HT, Kim YS, Min BS, et al. Anti-tumorigenic activity of sophoflavescenol against Lewis lung carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Arch Pharm Res 2011;34(12):2087-99.##Fakhimi A, Iranshahi M, Emami SA, Amin-Ar-Ramimeh E, Zarrini G, Shahverdi AR. Sophoraflavanone G from sophora pachycarpa enhanced the antibacterial activity of gentamycin against Staphylococcus aureus. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2006;61(9-10):769-72.##Botta B, Vitali A, Menendez P, Misiti D, Delle Monache G. Prenylated flavonoids: pharmacology and biotechnology. Curr Med Chem 2005;12(6):717-39.##Khan H, Ullah H, Martorell M, Valdes SE, Belwal T, Tejada S, et al. Flavonoids nanoparticles in cancer: Treatment, prevention and clinical prospects. Semin Cancer Biol 2021;69:200-11.##Shirsand S, Keshavshetti GG. Recent advances in niosomal drug delivery—A review. Res J Life Sci Bioinform Pharm Chem Sci 2019;3:514-31.##Verma S, Singh S, Syan N, Mathur P, Valecha V. Nanoparticle vesicular systems: a versatile tool for drug delivery. J Chem Pharm Res 2010;2(2):496-509.##Arora R. Advances in niosome as a drug carrier: a review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP) 2007;1(1).##Rajera R, Nagpal K, Singh SK, Mishra DN. Niosomes: a controlled and novel drug delivery system. Biol Pharm Bull 2011;34(7):945-53.##Liga S, Paul C, Moacă E-A, Péter F. Niosomes: Composition, Formulation Techniques, and Recent Progress as Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2024;16(2):223.##Boozari M, Nejad Ebrahimi S, Soltani S, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Emami SA, Asili J, et al. Absolute configuration and anti-cancer effect of prenylated flavonoids and flavonostilbenes from Sophora pachycarpa: Possible involvement of Wnt signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem 2019;85:498-504.##Coffey BM, Anderson GG. 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Designing a Novel Immunotoxin against Prostate Cancer based on PE40 Toxin: An In silico Approach 2 2 <p>Background: Prostate cancer, is the second most prevalent malignant tumor and fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among men worldwide. Patients suffer from adverse side effects and low efficacy of traditional therapeutic approaches. At present, cancer-targeted therapy is a fascinating strategy of cancer therapy re-search <em>via</em> employing immunotoxins, which is a fusion of a targeting molecule and a killer toxin that can recognize a specific antigen on cancerous cells and trigger cell death. Methods: This study used a prostate-specific scFv and a truncated version of Pseudomonas-exotoxin to design a novel immunotoxin. After the construct design, the construct's secondary structure, physicochemical features, and allergenicity were predicted by SOPMA, Protparam, and AllergenFP, respectively. Then, the 3D structure was built <em>via</em> ITASSER. ProSa-web and PROCHECK were used for structure validation. The 3D model was docked by Cluspro, and molecular dynamics was carried out by GROMACS. Results: the results showed that the average RMSF value for the PSMA receptor was 0.478 Å, and for the designed toxin was 0.292 Å. The low range of changes in-dicates the stability of the complex during the simulation. Conclusion: The present results indicate that the designed immunotoxin is structurally stable, non-allergenic, and capable of binding PSMA, suggesting it as a potential candidate for further experimental evaluation.</p> 69 78 Sadaf Azdoo Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Iran Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Iran Khadijeh Ahmadi Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Iran Abdolkarim Ghadimi Moghadam Pediatric Infectious Ward, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infectious Ward, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Iran Ahmad Movahedpour Ali Jamshidi AllergensCellDeathImmunotoxinsMolecular dynamics simulationProstateProstatic neoplasmsPseudomonas 70640.pdf Crawford ED. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Urology. 2003 Dec 22;62(6 Suppl 1):3-12.##Wolf P, Alt K, Wetterauer D, Bühler P, Gierschner D, Katzenwadel A, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a recombinant anti-prostate specific membrane antigen single-chain immunotoxin against prostate cancer. J Immunother 2010 Apr;33(3):262-71.##Xing Y, Xu K, Li S, Cao L, Nan Y, Li Q, et al. A Single-Domain Antibody-Based Anti-PSMA Recombinant Immunotoxin Exhibits Specificity and Efficacy for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021 May 23;22(11):5501.##Meng P, Dong QC, Tan GG, Wen WH, Wang H, Zhang G, et al. Anti-tumor effects of a recombinant anti-prostate specific membrane antigen immunotoxin against prostate cancer cells. BMC Urol 2017 Feb 13;17(1):14.##Maleksabet A, Zarei Jaliani H, Asgari A, Ramezani A, Erfani N. Specific Targeting of Recombinant Human Pancreatic Ribonuclease 1 using Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Targeting Peptide toward Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor-Positive Cancer Cells. Iran J Med Sci 2021 Jul;46(4):281-290.##Elsässer-Beile U, Bühler P, Wolf P. Targeted therapies for prostate cancer against the prostate specific membrane antigen. Curr Drug Targets 2009 Feb;10(2):118-25.##Wolf P. Anti-PSMA Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins. In: Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins: From Pre-Clinical Development to Therapeutic Applications 2012 Nov 2 (pp. 255-272). New York, NY: Springer New York.##Cimadamore A, Cheng M, Santoni M, Lopez-Beltran A, Battelli N, Massari F, et al. New Prostate Cancer Targets for Diagnosis, Imaging, and Therapy: Focus on Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. Front Oncol 2018 Dec 21;8:653.##Wolf P. Prostate specific membrane antigen as biomarker and therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer-Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances 2011 Nov 25:81-100.##Paschalis A, Sheehan B, Riisnaes R, Rodrigues DN, Gurel B, Bertan C, et al. Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Heterogeneity and DNA Repair Defects in Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2019 Oct;76(4):469-478.##Pandit-Taskar N, O’Donoghue JA, Divgi CR, Wills EA, Schwartz L, Gönen M, et al. Indium 111-labeled J591 anti-PSMA antibody for vascular targeted imaging in progressive solid tumors. EJNMMI Res 2015 Apr 29;5:28.##Fung EK, Cheal SM, Fareedy SB, Punzalan B, Beylergil V, Amir J, et al. Targeting of radiolabeled J591 antibody to PSMA-expressing tumors: optimization of imaging and therapy based on non-linear compartmental modeling. EJNMMI Res 2016 Dec;6(1):7.##Sun M, Niaz MJ, Niaz MO, Tagawa ST. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-Targeted Radionuclide Therapies for Prostate Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2021 Mar 29;23(5):59.##Faraji SN, Nejatollahi F, Tamaddon AM, Mohammadi M, Aminsharifi AR. Generation and characterization of a specific single-chain antibody against DSPP as a prostate cancer biomarker: Involvement of bioinformatics-based design of novel epitopes. Int Immunopharmacol 2019 Apr;69:217-224.##Abdus Subhan M, Torchilin VP. 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Targeting Receptors on Cancer Cells with Protein Toxins. Biomolecules 2020 Sep 17;10(9):1331.##Kim JS, Jun SY, Kim YS. Critical Issues in the Development of Immunotoxins for Anticancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2020 Jan;109(1):104-115.##Vafadar A, Taheri-Anganeh M, Movahedpour A, Jamali Z, Irajie C, Ghasemi Y, Savardashtaki A. In Silico Design and Evaluation of scFv-CdtB as a Novel Immunotoxin for Breast Cancer Treatment. International Journal of Cancer Management 2020 Jan 1;13(1).##Hwang J, Fitzgerald DJ, Adhya S, Pastan I. Functional domains of Pseudomonas exotoxin identified by deletion analysis of the gene expressed in E. coli. Cell 1987 Jan 16;48(1):129-36.##Wolf P, Gierschner D, Bühler P, Wetterauer U, Elsässer-Beile U. A recombinant PSMA-specific single-chain immunotoxin has potent and selective toxicity against prostate cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006 Nov;55(11):1367-73.##Xing Y, Xu K, Li S, Cao L, Nan Y, Li Q, et al. 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In vitro and In silico Analysis of SCIN rs376349889 as a Potential Biomarker for Gastric and Colorectal Cancers 2 2 <p>Background: Numerous research endeavors have reported altered expression of Scinderin (SCIN) in various cancer types. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most prevalent form of genetic variation within the human genome which can have significant functional consequences, including cancer predisposition. Methods: This study investigated SNP-induced structural alterations in the SCIN protein and their potential effects on stability and function, using in vitro and in silico approaches. Integrating experimental and computational data provides in-sight into the role of this variant in tumorigenesis and highlights its potential as a molecular biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Results: Out of 1,054 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs), 11 were consistently predicted to be deleterious. Among them, rs376349889 (R511G) was associated with decreased protein stability, loss of ADP-ribosylation at R511, disrupted ionic interactions, and increased hydrophobicity, all of which may impair SCIN function. Subsequently, genotyping of 200 colorectal cancer and 200 gastric cancer samples for the rs376349889 SNP was performed using High-Resolution Melting (HRM) technique in compared to a matched control group. Conclusion: The findings revealed a considerable difference in the allelic prevalence of the rs376349889 SNP between cancer patients and control samples. Notably, the GG genotype was linked to a higher susceptibility to both gastric and colorectal cancers (p<0.0001). These results suggest that rs376349889 may influence SCIN-related oncogenic mechanisms and could serve as a promising biomarker for identifying or evaluating the risk of gastrointestinal cancers at an early stage.</p> 79 93 Neda Vaghefinezhad Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar Iran Mansoureh Azadeh Zist-Fanavari Novin Biotechnology Institute Zist-Fanavari Novin Biotechnology Institute Iran Majid Tafrihi Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar Iran BiomarkersColorectal neoplasmGastric neoplasmScinderinSingle nucleotide polymorphism 70641.pdf Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, van Grieken NC, Lordick F. Gastric cancer. 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