Cardiovascular Considerations in Antidepressant Use 2 2 <div style="text-align:justify">Depressive disorders are among the most prevalent disorders worldwide. About 1 in every 5 people experience an episode of depression in their lifetime (1,2). Therefore, antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications worldwide. An analysis of a primary care database in the United Kingdom revealed that 23% of patients were ordered to take antidepressants at least once over the course of 17 years (1995-2011) (3). Antidepressants are categorized into some major groups: 1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram and escitalopram, 2. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, 3. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline, 4. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as selegiline and 5. Atypical antidepressants such as bupropion and mirtazapine. Despite the production of newer antidepressants, patients taking these medications still experience some cardiovascular adverse effects.</div> One of the most well-known cardiovascular adverse effects of antidepressants is QT-prolonging. QT-prolonging can lead to fatal ventricular arrhythmias like Torsades de pointes (TdP) and precipitate sudden death. In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cautioned healthcare professionals about QT-prolongation associated with high doses of citalopram (4). This encouraged various research groups to examine the safety of other antidepressants with respect to QT interval. Studies manifest that while TCAs are not associated with sudden death unless at higher doses; SSRIs are associated with a higher risk of sudden death specifically in adults with cardiovascular comorbidities (5). A meta-analysis revealed that among SSRIs, significant QT prolongations have been demonstrated in using citalopram and escitalopram; whereas fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline did not show a clinically significant increase in QT interval at conventional doses in the majority of the studies (6). On the other hand, paroxetine monotherapy showed no QT prolongation in any of the studies (6-8). While SSRIs are mostly accused of causing QT prolongation; the most common cardiovascular complications caused by high doses of TCA are sinus tachycardia and hypotension (9,10). Sinus tachycardia, seen in 52% of cases with TCA overdose (11), is a result of anticholinergic activity and norepinephrine uptake inhibition by TCAs. Hypotension, on the other hand, happens due to a combination of depressed myocardial contractility and decreased resistance of blood vessels caused by a-adrenergic blockage (10). In contrast to TCAs, SNRIs like venlafaxine can cause hypertension. A pooled analysis of controlled studies showed that while venlafaxine has a low risk of causing clinically significant hypertension at doses <200 mg/day; 5.5% of patients using doses >200 mg/day show significant increases in blood pressure (12). Another issue to be considered is the possibility of cardiovascular birth defects caused by maternal exposure to antidepressants during pregnancy. Maternal exposure to antidepressants 3 months prior to pregnancy or during early pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart diseases in the newborn (13). A study by Gao et al indicated that newborns with intrauterine exposure to fluoxetine are at a greater risk for cardiovascular defects, especially septal defects(14). Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN) is another complication caused by maternal SSRI exposure. research has shown higher rates of PPHN among infants who had intrauterine exposure to SSRIs (15); however, sertraline was proven to be the safest SSRI in this regard (16). Despite the facts regarding mentioned side effects, there are some evidence showing that antidepressants can be beneficial for the cardiovascular system in some manners. SSRIs are manifested to improve endothelial function, vascular inflammation, arterial stiffening and perhaps delaying atherosclerotic events (17,18). Moreover, antidepressant therapy was associated with lower odds of recurrent Myocardial Infarction (MI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome and concomitant depression (19). With those being said, it is crucial not to deprive depressed patients of their adequate drug therapy and to modify their medications based on cardiovascular safety along with the optimal efficacy of the drug. 207 208 Fateme TaghaviZanjani Department of Cardiology, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Cardiology, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Saeed Nateghi Editorial 60551.pdf Hasin DS, Sarvet AL, Meyers JL, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, Stohl M, et al. Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 2018;75(4):336-46.##Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, De Girolamo G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Med 2011;9(1):1-16.##Mars B, Heron J, Kessler D, Davies NM, Martin RM, Thomas KH, et al. Influences on antidepressant prescribing trends in the UK: 1995-2011. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017;52:193-200.##Administration USF and D. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Abnormal heart rhythms associated with high doses of Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide). 2011 08 24)[2020 01 15]. https://www. fda. gov/drugs/drug safety an d availability/fda drug safety communication abnormal heart r hythms associated high doses celexa citalopram. 2011.##Aronow W, Shamliyan T. Effects of antidepressants on QT interval in people with mental disorders. Arch Med Sci 2020;16(4):727-41.##Funk KA, Bostwick JR. A comparison of the risk of QT prolongation among SSRIs. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47(10):1330-41.##Kuhs H, Rudolf GAE. Cardiovascular effects of paroxetine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;102(3):379-82.##de la Torre BR, Dreher J, Malevany I, Bagli M, Kolbinger M, Omran H, et al. Serum levels and cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depressed patients. 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Biomedicines 2022;10(1):56.##Sweda R, Siontis GCM, Nikolakopoulou A, Windecker S, Pilgrim T. Antidepressant treatment in patients following acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and Bayesian meta‐analysis. ESC Heart Fail 2020;7(6):3610-20.##

Radiotherapy Combination: Insight from Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) 2 2 The view of Radiotherapy (RT) as a simple inducer of DNA damage resulting in tumor cell death has dramatically changed in recent years, and it is now widely accepted that RT can trigger an immune response which provides a sound basis for combining RT with immunotherapy. Given that, radiation can be delivered with different regimens, its effect on immune responses and Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) may vary with dose and fractionation schedule. This fractional dose dependency may need to be more considered because of recent developments in RT delivery techniques making it possible to deliver precisely higher dosages per fraction (hypofractionation) while reducing exposure to normal tissues. Although combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy could be a promising strategy for synergistic enhancement of treatment efficacy, the selection of the best-matched combination of immunotherapy with each radiotherapy scheme remains to be addressed. Thus, for designing better therapeutic combinations, it is necessary to understand the immunological effects of RT. Here, we review the impact of conventional and different hypofractionation radiation schedules on the TIME. Subsequently, we highlight how knowing about these interactions may have implications for choosing a rational combination with targeted therapies. 209 215 Masoumeh Alimohammadi Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Haniyeh Ghaffari-Nazari Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Iran Reza Alimohammadi Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Mohsen Bakhshandeh Department of Radiology Technology, Allied Medical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Department of Radiology Technology, Allied Medical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Nima Rezaei Seyed Amir Jalali Conventional radiotherapyHypofractionated radiotherapyImmunotherapyRadiotherapyTumor immune microenvironment 60552.pdf Orth M, Lauber K, Niyazi M, Friedl AA, Li M, Maihöfer C, et al. 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Gypenosides Production and Spermatogenesis Recovery Potentials of Extracts from Cell Suspension Cultures of Gynostemma pentaphyllum 2 2 Background: Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), also called Giao-co-lam, is a traditional Vietnamese herb, also known as the "Herb of Immortality", that grows throughout Asian countries and is used for the treatment of hematuria, edema in the pharynx and neck, tumors, and trauma. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effects of culture conditions on cell growth and total gypenoside accumulation in the GP suspension cells. Cells were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L KIN and 0.5 mg/L IBA, and different inoculum sizes (2-4 g) for 10-24 days. Results: The results showed that the optimum inoculum size and shaking speed were 3 g of callus and 120 rpm, respectively. The highest cell biomass reached was 5.833 g of fresh weight, corresponding to 0.136 g of dry weight after 20 days of culture. The total gypenoside and Rb1 accumulation was the highest after 18 days of culture, with 46.498 mg/g and 0.038 mg/g dry weight, respectively. In addition, the crude extract from GP cell suspension cultures remarkably improved pathological changes in mouse testicular tissue after scrotal heat exposure. Blood testosterone levels were significantly increased in heat-exposed mice treated with the GP cell suspension culture extract. Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that GP bio-mass production by cell suspension cultures leads to the accumulation of gypenosides in large amounts, and provides the potential for the recovery of spermatogenesis following heat stress. 216 222 Tung Nguyen-Thanh Faculty of Basic Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue UniversityInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University Faculty of Basic Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue UniversityInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University VietnamVietnam Sang Dang-Ngoc Institute of Biotechnology, Hue UniversityVo Nguyen Giap Gifted High School Institute of Biotechnology, Hue UniversityVo Nguyen Giap Gifted High School VietnamVietnam Dung Tran-Quoc University of Education, Hue University University of Education, Hue University Vietnam Quang Hoang-Tan Gynostemma pentaphyllumGypenosideHeat stressSaponin Rb1SpermatogenesisSuspension cells 60553.pdf Lee KH. Jiaogulan: China's “Immortality Herb”. Journal of Natural Products 2000;63:431.##Chang CK, Chang KS, Lin YC, Liu SY, Chen CY. Hairy root cultures of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino: a promising approach for the production of gypenosides as an alternative of ginseng saponins. Biotechnol Lett 2005 Aug;27:1165-9.##Chen PY, Chang CC, Huang HC, Zhang LJ, Liaw CC, Lin YC, et al. New dammarane-type saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Molecules 2019 Apr 8;24(7):1375.##Ky PT, Huong PT, My TK, Anh PT, Van Kiem P, Van Minh C, et al. Dammarane-type saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Phytochemistry 2010 Jun 1;71(8-9):994-1001.##Razmovski-Naumovski V, Huang TH, Tran VH, Li GQ, Duke CC, Roufogalis BD. Chemistry and pharmacology of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Phytochemistry Review 2005 Jul;4:197-219.##Wang J, Gao WY, Zhang J, Zuo BM, Zhang LM, Huang LQ. Production of ginsenoside and polysaccharide by two-stage cultivation of Panax quinquefolium L. cells. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant. 2012 Feb;48:107-12.##Zhonghua A, Zhangzheng Q. Effect of some stress factors on gypenoside accumulation in callus of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Chin J Appl Environ Biol 1998;4:10-14.##Hong M, Cai Z, Song L, Liu Y, Wang Q, Feng X. Gynostemma pentaphyllum attenuates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice: a biomedical investigation integrated with in silico assay. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018 Mar 21;2018. ##Lobo SN, Qi YQ, Liu QZ. The effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract on mouse dermal fibroblasts. ISRN Dermatol 2014;2014.##Lee HS, Lim SM, Jung JI, Kim SM, Lee JK, Kim YH, et al. Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice by upregulating SIRT1. Nutrients 2019 Oct 15;11(10):2475.##Li Y, Lin W, Huang J, Xie Y, Ma W. Anti-cancer effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (thunb.) makino (jiaogulan). Chin Med 2016 Dec;11(1):43.##Zhang Y, Shi G, Luo Z, Wang J, Wu S, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Activity components from Gynostemma pentaphyllum for preventing hepatic fibrosis and of its molecular targets by network pharmacology approach. Molecules 2021 May 18;26(10):3006.##Choi EK, Won YH, Kim SY, Noh SO, Park SH, Jung SJ, Lee CK, Hwang BY, Lee MK, Ha KC, Baek HI. Supplementation with extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves reduces anxiety in healthy subjects with chronic psychological stress: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2019 Jan 1;52:198-205.##Park SH, Huh TL, Kim SY, Oh MR, Tirupathi Pichiah PB, Chae SW, et al. Antiobesity effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (actiponin): a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Obesity 2014 Jan;22(1):63-71.##Rao A, Clayton P, Briskey D. 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Activity of Citrus aurantium and Lavandula angustifolia in Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms in Male Wistar Rats 2 2 Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to better understand the mechanism by which Citrus aurantium (C. aurantium) and Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) hydro–alcoholic extracts were used to treat AD and anti–oxidant issues in a laboratory model. Methods: 15 male Wistar rats, weighing 250±20 gr, aged 6–8 weeks, were used. Amyloids in the brain were found and identified using the shuttle box and Congo red test. ELISA testing for norepinephrine and serotonin, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Real–time PCR for expression of the APP and GLT1 genes were done. Results: The shuttle box test demonstrated that AD produces behavioral harm, since it significantly reduces passive avoidance learning. The Congo red test revealed that the AD models had much more amyloid beta in their brain tissue than the control. Norepinephrine levels were also decreased by using both extracts in test group. Treatment with both extracts led to a substantial rise in SOD activity and fall in MDA concentration. Conclusion: The gene expression data indicated that the relative expression of the APP and GLT1 genes was shown to be lower in the groups treated with both extracts. C. aurantium and L. angustifolia may therefore offer a multi–target treatment strategy for AD, which calls for more research in this area. 223 231 Amir Arasteh Morteza Karimpour Department of Biology, Rasht branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Biology, Rasht branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Faezeh Fallah Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch Iran Sara Kiani Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch Iran Maedeh Kakavan Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Iran Amyloid beta-peptidesAntioxidantsBrainCitrusLavandulaNeurodegenerative diseasesNorepinephrineRatsSerotonin 60554.pdf Mohebali N, Shahzadeh Fazeli SA, Ghafoori H, Farahmand Z, MohammadKhani E, Vakhshiteh F, et al. 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Characterization, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsions of Lavandula spica essential oil and its main monoterpenes. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2021;65:102732.##Torabbeigi M, Aberoomand Azar P. Analysis of essential oil compositions of Lavandula angustifolia by HS-SPME and MAHS-SPME followed by GC and GC-MS. Acta Chromatographica 2013;25(3):571-9.##Azhdarzadeh F, Hojjati M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of leaf, ripe and unripe peel of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) essential oils. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research 2016;3(1):43-50.##Rahman SO, Panda BP, Parvez S, Kaundal M, Hussain S, Akhtar M, et al. Neuroprotective role of astaxanthin in hippocampal insulin resistance induced by Aβ peptides in animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;110:47-58.##Jasim SA, Ali SA-J, Fadhil OQ, Rakhmatova MK, Kzar HH, Margiana R, et al. Investigating the effects of hydro-alcoholic Urtica dioica extract and retinoic acid on follicular development: An animal study. Medi J Islam Repub Iran 2023;37.##Adamu SS, Umaru HA, Albert HO, Muhammad AL. The effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Allium cepa extracts on Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats. International Journal of Nutrition Sciences 2023;8(1):36-46.##Ogechukwu OC, Salt AP. In vivo antimalarial activity and phytochemical screening of tree bark extract of ficus elastica. Journal of Science and Technology Research 2023;5(2).##Fathollahy I, Barzegar Asl A. Aqueous extract of Senjed (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) peel: characteristics and effect on physico-chemical properties of cold-pressed sesame oil. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 2023:1-10.##Zavvari F, Karimzadeh F. A review on the behavioral tests for learning and memory assessments in rat. 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Neuroprotective effects of curcumin lipid-core nanocapsules in a model Alzheimer’s disease induced by β-amyloid 1-42 peptide in aged female mice. Brain Res 2019;1721:146325.##Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Asensio VJ, Miralles A, Esteban S. Effects of resveratrol and other polyphenols on the most common brain age-related diseases. Curr Med Chem 2017;24(38):4245-66.##Kumar MR, Azizi NF, Yeap SK, Abdullah JO, Khalid M, Omar AR, et al. Clinical and preclinical studies of fermented foods and their effects on Alzheimer’s disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022;11(5):883.##Suntar I, Khan H, Patel S, Celano R, Rastrelli L. An overview on Citrus aurantium L.: Its functions as food ingredient and therapeutic agent. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018 May 2;2018:7864269.##Dey A, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee A, Pandey DK. Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2017;35(2):178-216.##Zeng G-f, Zhang Z-y, Lu L, Xiao D-q, Zong S-h, He J-m. 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Transient Co-Expression of Bioactive Murine Interferon-Gamma and HBsAg in Tobacco and Lettuce Leaves 2 2 Background: The synchronous expression of antigen and adjuvant proteins in plant hosts presents an intriguing potential for vaccine production and the enhancement of appropriate immune responses. In this study, we examined the expression of bioactive murine interferon-gamma (mIFN-γ) along with HBsAg in tobacco and lettuce leaves aimed to further perform the analysis of immune responses in the mouse model. Methods: Monocistronic and bicistronic cassettes, carrying genes encoding mIFN-γ and HBsAg in various orders, were constructed. These cassettes were placed under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter and included the 5ʹ leader sequence of Tobacco Ech Virus (TEV). Through Agrobacterium infiltration, the cassettes were transferred into plant leaves. The concentration of mIFN-γ in different constructs and HBsAg was tested by ELISA. Murine IFN-γ was characterized through Western blotting, and its bioactivity was evaluated by assessing the up-regulation of MHC class II in macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow. Results: Extracts of agroinfiltrated leaves contained recombinant mIFN-γ and HBsAg proteins at about 14 unit/mg and 50 ng/mg of soluble protein, respectively. Subsequently, mIFN-γ was purified from the plant extract and its ability to up-regulate MHC class II in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Conclusion: The co-expression of recombinant HBsAg and mIFN-γ using TEV 5ʹ leader-based cassettes in tobacco and lettuce leaves produced both proteins with active mIFN-γ in different concentrations. The attractive utility and feasibility of using plant transient co-expression systems aimed to co-delivery of vaccine antigen and appropriate cytokine to elicit immune response for different applications. 232 238 Sara Mohammadzadeh Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Iran Mahshid Amiri Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health United States of America Parastoo Ehsani AgrobacteriumCytokinesHepatitis B surface antigensPlant proteins 60555.pdf WHO. The World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b (Accessed on June 24, 2022).##Champion CR. Heplisav-B: A hepatitis B vaccine with a novel adjuvant. Ann Pharmacother 2021;55(6):783-91.##Alpatova N, Avdeeva ZI, Nikitina T, Medunitsyn N. Adjuvant properties of cytokines in vaccination. Pharm Chem J 2020;53(11):991-6.##Farrar MA, Schreiber RD. The molecular cell biology of interferon-gamma and its receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 1993;11:571-611.##Schoenborn JR, Wilson CB. Regulation of interferon-gamma during innate and adaptive immune responses. Adv Immunol 2007;96:41-101.##Alspach E, Lussier DM, Schreiber RD. Interferon γ and its important roles in promoting and inhibiting spontaneous and therapeutic cancer immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019;11(3):a028480.##Saveleva N, Burlakovskiy M, Yemelyanov V, Lutova L. Transgenic plants as bioreactors to produce substances for medical and veterinary uses. Russ J Genet Appl Res. 2016;6(6):712-24.##Kim SM, Kim SK, Park JH, Lee KN, Ko YJ, Lee HS, et al. A recombinant adenovirus bicistronically expressing porcine interferon-α and interferon-γ enhances antiviral effects against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Antiviral Res 2014;104:52-8.##Reljic R. IFN-gamma therapy of tuberculosis and related infections. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007;27(5):353-64.##Kaneyasu K, Kita M, Ohkura S, Yamamoto T, Ibuki K, Enose Y, et al. Protective efficacy of nonpathogenic nef-deleted SHIV vaccination combined with recombinant IFN-gamma administration against a pathogenic SHIV challenge in rhesus monkeys. Microbiol Immunol 2005;49(12):1083-94.##Quiroga JA, Castillo I, Porres JC, Casado S, Sáez F, Gracia Martínez M, et al. Recombinant gamma-interferon as adjuvant to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Hepatology 1990;12(4 Pt 1):661-3.##Chow YH, Chiang BL, Lee YL, Chi WK, Lin WC, Chen YT, et al. 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Systemic effects of interferons after oral administration in animals and humans. Am J Vet Res 2005;66(1):164-76.##Burlakovskiy MS, Yemelyanov VV, Lutova LA. Plant based bioreactors of recombinant cytokines (Review). Appl Biochem Microbiol 2016;52(2):121-37.##Wu Y, Zhao D, Song L, Xu W. Heterologous expression of synthetic chicken IFN-γ in transgenic tobacco plants. Biologia 2009;64(6):1115.##Burlakovskiy M, Saveleva N, Yemelyanov V, Padkina M, Lutova L. Production of bovine interferon-gamma in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult (PCTOC) 2015;122(3):685-97.##Jiang MC, Hu CC, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Production of human IFNγ protein in Nicotiana benthamiana plant through an enhanced expression system based on Bamboo mosaic virus. Viruses 2019;11(6):509.##Chen TL, Lin YL, Lee YL, Yang NS, Chan MT. Expression of bioactive human interferon-gamma in transgenic rice cell suspension cultures. Transgenic Res 2004;13(5):499-510.##Bagheri K, Javaran MJ, Mahboudi F, Moeini A, Zebarjadi A. Expression of human interferon gamma in Brassica napus seeds. Afr J Biotechnol 2010;9(32):5066-72.##Ebrahimi N, Memari HR, Ebrahimi MA, Ardakani MR. Cloning, transformation and expression of human gamma interferon gene in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 2012;26(2):2925-9.##Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Chloroplast expression of His-tagged GUS-fusions: a general strategy to overproduce and purify foreign proteins using transplastomic plants as bioreactors. Mol Breed 2003;11(1):49-58.##Carrington JC, Freed DD. Cap-independent enhancement of translation by a plant potyvirus 5' nontranslated region. J Virol 1990;64(4):1590-7.##Niepel M, Gallie DR. Identification and characterization of the functional elements within the tobacco etch virus 5' leader required for cap-independent translation. J Virol 1999;73(11):9080-8.##Ofoghi H, Moazami N, Domonsky N, Ivanov I. 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Production of Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) against Vibrio cholerae O1: Protective Effect in Mice 2 2 Background: Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholera (V. cholera). The development of antibodies against specific V. cholerae may have a therapeutic effect. In the present research, we investigated the protective effect of egg yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY), which was produced by immunizing hens with formaldehyde-killed V. cholerae O1 and subsequently the isolated IgY was orally administrated to the V. cholerae O1 infected mice for evaluation of its immunizing capability. Methods: In the current study, hens were immunized three times with formaldehyde-killed V. cholerae O1 (1.5× 107 CFU/mL) and an equal volume of adjuvant. The IgY was isolated from egg yolk by polyethylene glycol method. The validity and activity of isolated IgY were confirmed with SDS-PAGE and ELISA methods, respectively. Subsequently IgY was orally administered to suckling mice following challenge with V. cholerae O1. ELISA results showed high antibody titer in the serum and egg yolk. Also, SDS-PAGE analysis showed successful purification of IgY and anti-V. cholerae IgY prevented the death of mice infected with V. cholerae O1. The anti-V. cholera IgY was administered at 2, 4, 6 hours’ intervals after 3 hours of inoculation of mice with V. cholerae O1. Results: Results showed that the rate of surviving mice (2 mg/mL of IgY) were 60% after 4 hours and 40% after 6 hours and the rate of surviving mice (5 mg/mL of IgY) was 70% after 4 hours and 60% after 6 hours. Conclusion: The findings suggested the egg yolk-driven IgY as a natural antibacterial protein, could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cholera disease. 239 244 Mohammad Shoushtari Anatomical Sciences Research Center Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Anatomical Sciences Research Center Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Iran Ali Barat Shooshtari Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Sepideh Asadi Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Iran Yousof Karami Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Iran Mohsen Honari Payame Noor University Payame Noor University Iran Javad Fathi Mehdi Zeinoddini Ghorban Ali Alizadeh Payame Noor University Payame Noor University Iran AntibodiesChickenImmunoglobulin YMiceVibrio cholerae O1 60550.pdf Kitaoka M, Miyata ST, Unterweger D, Pukatzki S. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae. J Med Microbiol 2011;60(4):397-407.##Tunung R, Margaret S, Jeyaletchumi P, Chai L, Tuan Zainazor T, Ghazali F, et al. Prevalence and quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw salad vegetables at retail level. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010;20(2):391-6.##Oramadike C, Ogunbanwo ST. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seafoods in Lagos Lagoon Nigeria. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2015;1(1):1041349.##Nguyen VD, Sreenivasan N, Lam E, Ayers T, Kargbo D, Dafae F, et al. Cholera epidemic associated with consumption of unsafe drinking water and street-vended water—Eastern Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90(3):518-23##Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA, Miller MA. Review of reported cholera outbreaks worldwide, 1995–2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75(5):973-7.##Carpenter CC. The treatment of cholera: clinical science at the bedside. J Infect Dis 1992;166(1):2-14.##Richie E, Punjabi NH, Sidharta Y, Peetosutan K, Sukandar M, Wasserman SS, et al. Efficacy trial of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in North Jakarta, Indonesia, a cholera-endemic area. Vaccine 2000;18(22):2399-410.##Akita E, Nakai S. Immunoglobulins from egg yolk: isolation and purification. Journal of Food Science 1992;57(3):629-34.##Yaghubi F, Zeinoddini M, Saeedinia AR, Azizi A, Samimi Nemati A. Design of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor for immunodiagnostic of E. coli O157: H7 using gold nanoparticles conjugated to the chicken antibody. Plasmonics 2020;15:1481-7.##Li X, Wang L, Zhen Y, Li S, Xu Y. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) as non-antibiotic production enhancers for use in swine production: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015;6(1):1-10.##Zhen Y-H, Jin L-J, Guo J, Li X-Y, Lu Y-N, Chen J, et al. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2008;130(1):126-33.##Vansofla AN, Nazarian S, Kordbache E, Fathi J. An IgG/IgY sandwich-ELISA for the detection of heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Gene Reports 2021;23:101099.##Malekshahi ZV, Gargari SLM, Rasooli I, Ebrahimizadeh W. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in mice with oral administration of egg yolk-driven anti-UreC immunoglobulin. Microb Pathog 2011;51(5):366-72.##Vega CG, Bok M, Vlasova AN, Chattha KS, Fernández FM, Wigdorovitz A, et al. IgY antibodies protect against human Rotavirus induced diarrhea in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model. PloS One 2012;7(8):e42788.##Chalghoumi R, Thewis A, Portetelle D, Beckers Y. Production of hen egg yolk immunoglobulins simultaneously directed against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in the same egg yolk. Poult Sci 2008;87(1):32-40.##Wang L-H, Li X-Y, Jin L-J, You J-S, Zhou Y, Li S-Y, et al. Characterization of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs) specific for the most prevalent capsular serotypes of mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2011;149(3):415-21.##Cryz Jr S, Fürer E, Germanier R. Immunogenicity and protective capacity of inactivated" Vibrio cholerae" whole cell vaccines. Dev Biol Stand 1983;53:67-72.##de Almeida CMC, da Silva CL, Couto HP, Escocard RdCM, da Rocha DG, de Paula Sentinelli L, et al. Development of process to produce polyvalent IgY antibodies anti-African snake venom. Toxicon. 2008;52(2):293-301.##Haddad Kashani H, Fahimi H, Dasteh Goli Y, Moniri R. A novel chimeric endolysin with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:290.##Hosseini ES, Moniri R, Goli YD, Kashani HH. Purification of antibacterial CHAPK protein using a self-cleaving fusion tag and Its activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016;8(4):202-10.##Kashani HH, Moniri R. Expression of recombinant pET22b-LysK-cysteine/histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase bacteriophage therapeutic protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6(4):256-60.##Ferdosian M, Khatami MR, Malekshahi ZV, Mohammadi A, Kashani HH, Shooshtari MB. Identification of immunotopes against Mycobacterium leprae as immune targets using PhDTm-12mer phage display peptide library. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;14(7):1153-9.##Jalali HK, Salamatzadeh A, Jalali AK, Kashani HH, Asbchin SA, Issazadeh K. Antagonistic activity of Nocardia brasiliensis PTCC 1422 against isolated Enterobacteriaceae from yrinary tract infections. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016;8(1):41-5.##Barati B, Ebrahimi F, Nazarian S. Production of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) against recombinant cholera toxin B subunit and evaluation of its prophylaxis potency in mice. 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Association of Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase and Estrogen Receptors Polymorphism with Severity of Temporomandibular Disorder in Iranian Patients 2 2 Background: There are many studies which strongly suggest that the pathophysiology of Temporomandibular joint Disorder (TMD) may also be influenced by genetic conditions. The current study was aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the polymorphism of estrogen receptor genes, estrogen receptor 1 and 2 (ESR1 and ESR2), and the gene Catechol -O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) could be Predisposing factor for TMD. Methods: In this case-control study, blood sample were taken from 100 TMD diagnosed patients based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) and 103 healthy individuals as the control group. Tetra ARMS-PCR method was used to amplify and identify COMT rs4680, ESR1 rs1643821, and ESR2 rs1676303 gene polymorphism. Results: ESR1 genotype AA and GA showed significantly increase probability (OR= 4.80, OR=2.98, respectively) of TMD. ESR2 T/T homozygosity was associated with decreased risk for TMD (OR=0.41). The relationship between COMT and TMD was not statistically significant (p>00.05). The relationship between the severity of TMD and ESR1 was significant (p=0.003). According to the inheritance pattern the COMT and ESR1 gene, in the dominant pattern can be susceptible to TMD and in ESR2 gene, in the recessive pattern can be protective to TMD. Conclusion: It seems that SNPs of ESR1 rs1643821 has a susceptible role and ESR2 rs1676303 has a protective role against TMD. Also, we add evidences that various genotype of COMT rs4680 were not statistically different between case and control, but allele A in the dominant inherence pattern can be susceptible to TMD. 245 252 Hassan Roudgari Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen University Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen University IranUK Shamsolmoulouk Najafi Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science Iran Sheyda Khalilian Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Zahra Ghafarzadeh School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science Iran Aida Hahakzadeh School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science Iran Sheida Behazin School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science Iran Nafiseh Sheykhbahaei AllelesEstrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor betaHumanInheritance patternsPolymorphism 60556.pdf Doetzer AD, Almeida LE, de Alcântara Camejo F, de Noronha L, Olandoski M, Trevilatto PC. Association of estrogen receptor alpha 1 and TMJ dysfunction: A pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021 Apr;131(4):e89-e94.##Mejersjö C, Pauli N. Ear symptoms in patients with orofacial pain and dysfunction - An explorative study on different TMD symptoms, occlusion and habits. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021 Dec;7(6):1167-74.##Diatchenko L, Slade GD, Nackley AG, Bhalang K, Sigurdsson A, Belfer I, et al. Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition. Hum Mol Genet 2005 Jan 1;14(1):135-43.##Meloto CB, Serrano PO, Ribeiro-DaSilva MC, Rizzatti-Barbosa CM. Genomics and the new perspectives for temporomandibular disorders. Arch Oral Biol 2011 Nov;56(11):1181-91.##de Souza Tesch R, Ladeira Bonato L, Quinelato V, Ladeira Casado P, Rezende Vieira A, Granjeiro JM, et al. Evaluation of genetic risk related to catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) activity in different diagnostic subgroups of temporomandibular disorder in Brazilian patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Feb;49(2):237-243.##Schacht JP. COMT val158met moderation of dopaminergic drug effects on cognitive function: a critical review. Pharmacogenomics J 2016 Oct;16(5):430-8.##Chao JK, Yang MC, Chen CS, Wang IC, Kao WT, Shi MD. A gender-specific COMT haplotype contributes to risk modulation rather than disease severity of major depressive disorder in a Chinese population. J Affect Disord 2019 Mar 1;246:376-386.##Byś A, Zieliński G, Filipiak Z, Ginszt M. The influence of COMT gene functional polymorphism on formation of chronic pain. Journal of Education, Health and Sport 2019 Jul 26;9(7):429-42.##Xu F, Yin J, Xiong E, Wang R, Zhai J, Xie L, et al. COMT gene variants and β-endorphin levels contribute to ethnic differences in experimental pain sensitivity. Mol Pain 2020 Jan-Dec;16:1744806920908474.##Smith SB, Reenilä I, Männistö PT, Slade GD, Maixner W, Diatchenko L, Nackley AG, et al. Epistasis between polymorphisms in COMT, ESR1, and GCH1 influences COMT enzyme activity and pain. Pain 2014 Nov;155(11):2390-9.##Zhao YP, Ma XC. [Temporomandibular disorders related pain interaction with age, sex and imaging changes of osteoarthrosis]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2006 Dec;41(12):757-8. Chinese.##Patil SR, Yadav N, Mousa MA, Alzwiri A, Kassab M, Sahu R, et al. Role of female reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone in temporomandibular disorder in female patients. J Oral Res Rev 2015;7:41-3.##Berger M, Szalewski L, Bakalczuk M, Bakalczuk G, Bakalczuk S, Szkutnik J. Association between estrogen levels and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic literature review. Prz Menopauzalny 2015 Dec;14(4):260-70.##Martorell L, Costas J, Valero J, Gutierrez-Zotes A, Phillips C, Torres M, et al. Analyses of variants located in estrogen metabolism genes (ESR1, ESR2, COMT and APOE) and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008 Mar;100(1-3):308-15.##Schendzielorz N, Rysa A, Reenila I, Raasmaja A, Mannisto PT. Complex estrogenic regulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 2011 Aug;62(4):483-90.##Ho PW, Tse ZH, Liu HF, Lu S, Ho JW, Kung MH, et al. Assessment of cellular estrogenic activity based on estrogen receptor-mediated reduction of soluble-form catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) expression in an ELISA-based system. PLoS One 2013 Sep 6;8(9):e74065.##Küchler EC, Meger MN, Ayumi Omori M, Gerber JT, Carneiro Martins Neto E, Silva Machado NC, et al. Association between oestrogen receptors and female temporomandibular disorders. Acta Odontol Scand 2020 Apr 2;78(3):181-8.##Dalewski B, Kamińska A, Białkowska K, Jakubowska A, Sobolewska E. Association of estrogen receptor 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α polymorphisms with temporomandibular joint anterior disc displacement without reduction. Dis Markers 2020 Oct 12;2020:6351817.##Furquim BD, Flamengui LM, Repeke CE, Cavalla F, Garlet GP, Conti PC. Influence of TNF-α-308 G/A gene polymorphism on temporomandibular disorder. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016 May;149(5):692-8.##Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: Review criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord 1992;6(4):301-55.##Fonseca DM, Bonfante G, Valle AL, Freitas SF. Diagnóstico pela anamnese da disfunção craniomandibular. RGO (Porto Alegre) 1994:23-8.##Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Truelove E, Look J, Anderson G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD consortium network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2014 Winter;28(1):6-27.##Kim BS, Kim YK, Yun PY, Lee E, Bae J. The effects of estrogen receptor α polymorphism on the prevalence of symptomatic temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Dec;68(12):2975-9.##Stemig M, Myers SL, Kaimal S, Islam MS. Estrogen receptor-alpha polymorphism in patients with and without degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint. Cranio 2015 Apr;33(2):129-33.##Nicot R, Vieira AR, Raoul G, Delmotte C, Duhamel A, Ferri J, et al. ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes influence temporomandibular disorders development and surgical treatment response in dentofacial deformities. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 2016 Sep 1;44(9):1226-37.##Nicot R, Chung K, Vieira AR, Raoul G, Ferri J, Sciote JJ. Condyle modeling stability, craniofacial asymmetry and ACTN3 genotypes: Contribution to TMD prevalence in a cohort of dentofacial deformities. Plos One 2020 Jul 29;15(7):e0236425.##Smith SB, Reenilä I, Männistö PT, Slade GD, Maixner W, Diatchenko L, et al. Epistasis between polymorphisms in COMT, ESR1, and GCH1 influences COMT enzyme activity and pain. PAIN® 2014 Nov 1;155(11):2390-9.##Braga SP, Fiamengui LM, da Silveira VR, Chaves HV, Furquim BD, Cunha CO, et al. Insights for temporomandibular disorders management: From psychosocial factors to genetics—A case report. Spec Care in Dentist 2021 Jan;41(1):85-91.##Quinelato V, Bonato LL, Vieira AR, Granjeiro JM, Tesch R, Casado PL. Association between polymorphisms in the genes of estrogen receptors and the presence of temporomandibular disorders and chronic arthralgia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 Feb;76(2):314.e1-314.e9.##Toran-Allerand CD. Estrogen and the brain: beyond ER-alpha and ER-beta. Exp Gerontol 2004 Nov-Dec;39(11-12):1579-86.##Ostlund H, Keller E, Hurd YL. Estrogen receptor gene expression in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003 Dec;1007:54-63.##Mladenovic I, Supic G, Kozomara R, Dodic S, Ivkovic N, Milicevic B, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase: association with temporomandibular disorders and postoperative pain. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2016;30(4):302-10.##Harden RN, Rudin NJ, Bruehl S, Kee W, Parikh DK, Kooch J, et al. Increased systemic catecholamines in complex regional pain syndrome and relationship to psychological factors: a pilot study. Anesth Analg 2004 Nov;99(5):1478-85.##

Association between PON1-rs662 Gene Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy in Population of the Qom, Iran 2 2 Background: Diabetic retinopathy is the most severe diabetic microvascular complication that causes changes in the vessel wall. One of the genes involved in this disease is PON1, which encodes paraoxanase1 protein in liver and kidney. It might regulate inflammatory and microvascular responses to the disease. The rs662 T>C is one of the single nucleotide polymorphisms of this gene that changes glutamine to arginine at position 192. Methods: In this study, 300 samples were collected, including 100 healthy and 100 diabetics without retinopathy, and 100 diabetics retinopathies were studied and their age range was from 30 to 80 years. Then 2.5 ml of blood was collected from all relevant individuals in tubes containing EDTANa2. This polymorphism was examined by tetra-ARMS PCR. Results: Results showed that there is no significant correlation between genotypes and alleles related to PON1 and Diabetes (CC genotype: p=0.609; C allele: p=0.228). On the other hand, an association was observed between PON1 and diabetic retinopathy (CT+CC genotype: p<0.001; CT allele: p<0.001). Considering that the Polyphen database examined the changes caused by replacing the amino acid arginine instead of glutamine at position 129 on the protein, it does not consider these changes dangerous and has introduced this polymorphism as benign. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the rs662 locus could be considered as one of the molecular markers in future research. 253 257 Fateme Sabbaghian Bidgoli Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran Iran Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran Iran Roohollah Nakhaei Sistani Majid Tafrihi Diabetic angiopathiesDiabetic retinopathyPolymerase chain reaction PolymorphismPON1 60557.pdf Khan SZ, Ajmal N, Shaikh R. Diabetic retinopathy and vascular endothelial growth factor gene insertion/deletion polymorphism. Can J Diabetes 2020;44(3):287-91.##Romero-Aroca P, Baget-Bernaldiz M, Pareja-Rios A, Lopez-Galvez M, Navarro-Gil R, Verges R. Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory. J Diabetes Res 2016;2016:2156273.##Wang W, Lo AC. Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(6):1816.##Sabanayagam C, Banu R, Chee ML, Lee R, Wang YX,Tan G, et al. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7(2):140-9.##Nezhad GSM, Razeghinejad R, Janghorbani M, Mohamadian A, Jalalpour MH, Bazdar S, et al. Prevalence, incidence and ecological determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Iran: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019;14(3):321.##Kang Q, Yang C. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Redox Biol 2020;37:101799.##Hofer SE, Bennetts B, Chan AK, Holloway B, Karschimkus C, Jenkins AJ, et al. Association between PON 1 polymorphisms, PON activity and diabetes complications. J Diabetes Complicat 2006;20(5):322-8. ##Shunmoogam N, Naidoo P, Chilton R. Paraoxonase (PON)-1: a brief overview on genetics, structure, polymorphisms and clinical relevance. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2018;14:137-43.##Tomás M, Latorre G, Sentí M, Marrugat J. The antioxidant function of high density lipoproteins: a new paradigm in atherosclerosis. Rev Esp Cardiol (English Edition) 2004;57:557-69.##Getz GS, Reardon CA. Paraoxonase, a cardioprotective enzyme: continuing issues. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004;15:261-7.##Hampe M, Mogarekar M. Paraoxonase1 activity, its Q192R polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biomed Adv Res 2014;5:35-40.##Kao YL, Donaghue K, Chan A, Knight J, Silink M. A variant of paraoxonase (PON1) gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in IDDM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(7):2589-92.##Liu T, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liang Z, Cai W, Huang M, et al. Association between PON1 rs662 polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Nut 2014;68(9):1029-35.##Deng Z, Xiang H, Gao W. Significant association between paraoxonase 1 rs662 polymorphism and coronary heart disease. Herz 2020;45(4):347-55.##Wamique M, Ali W, Himanshu D. Association of SRB1 and PON1 gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case control study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2020;40:209-15.##Kumar R, Saini V, Kaur C, Isser H, Tyagi N, Sahoo S. Association between PON1 rs662 gene polymorphism and serum paraoxonase1 level in coronary artery disease patients in Northern India. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2021;22:1-8.##Vardarlı AT, Harman E, Çetintaş VB, Kayıkçıoğlu M, Vardarlı E, Zengi A, et al. Polymorphisms of lipid metabolism enzyme-coding genes in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia. Anatol J Cardiol 2017;17(4):313-21.##Luo Z, Pu L, Muhammad I, Chen Y, Sun X. Associations of the PON1 rs662 polymorphism with circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2018;17(1):1-13.##Tward A, Xia YR, Wang XP, Shi YS, Park C, Castellani LW, et al. Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in human serum paraoxonase transgenic mice. Circulation 2002;106(4):484-90.##Gupta N, Singh S, Maturu, VN, Sharma YP, Gill KD. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms, haplotypes and activity in predicting cad risk in North-West Indian Punjabis. PLoS One 2011; 6(5):e17805.##Nus M, Frances F, Sánchez-Montero J, Corella D, Sánchez-Muniz F. We-W44: 4 arylesterase activity and HDL-cholesterol levels are dependent on the PON 55M and PON 192R polymorphisms. Atherosclerosis 2006;3:333.##Ribeiro S, do Sameiro Faria M, Mascarenhas-Melo F, Freitas I, Mendonça MI, Nascimento H, et al. Main determinants of PON1 activity in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2012;36(4):317-23.##Mucientes A, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Herranz E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Varadé J, Urcelay E, et al. Functional implications of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs662 and rs854860 on the antioxidative activity of paraoxonase1 (PON1) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2019;38(5):1329-37.##Mackness MI, Arrol S. Alloenzymes of paraoxonase and effectiveness of high-density lipoproteins in protecting low-density. Lancet 1997;349(9055):851-2.##Siller-López F, Garzón-Castaño S, Ramos-Márquez ME, Hernández-Cañaveral I. Association of paraoxonase-1 Q192R (rs662) single nucleotide variation with cardiovascular risk in coffee harvesters of central Colombia. J Toxicol 2017;2017:6913106.##Mackness B, Durrington PN, Abuashia B, Boulton AJ, Mackness MI. Low paraoxonase activity in type II diabetes mellitus complicated by retinopathy. Clin Sci 2000;98(3):355-63.##

Evaluation of Seroconversion Rate Following SARS COV 2 Vaccination in Health Care Workers at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 2 2 Background: Vaccines are the most effective way to prevent Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). This study examines and compares the efficiency of AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Sputnik vaccines and the correlation of antibody response with age, sex, and history of corona disease in employees of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods: 202 participants were included, of which 82 were administered the AstraZeneca, 59 were given the Sinopharm, and 61 were given the Sputnik vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels were checked four weeks after passing the second dose of all three vaccines using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: There was no significant difference between the amount of IgM and IgG antibodies among three vaccines (p=0.056). For all three vaccines, gender and age did not significantly affect the amount of IgM and IgG antibodies. The history of infection with COVID-19 increased the antibody response (p>0.5). Conclusion: The titer of IgM and IgG antibodies were not statistically significantly different. The IgM and IgG antibodies produced by vector-based vaccines are higher than the Sinopharm vaccine. Gender did not affect the produced antibody titer. No significant linear relationship was found between age and antibody titer. In people from this study who received two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine and had a corona history, the average amount of both IgM and IgG antibodies was measured more than the other participants. 258 263 Masoud Alavi Dentist, Private Practice Dentist, Private Practice Iran Mohammad Mousavi Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Mohammad Jazayeri Department of Virology, School of Public Health Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Virology, School of Public Health Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Asghar Ebadifar AntibodiesCOVID19 vaccinesSARS-CoV-2 60558.pdf Vyas AK, Varma V, Garg G, Gupta P, Trehanpati N. 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