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28090272
Research in Iran: Hopes and Disappointments
<p>In the September 15, 2016 issue of Science, Dr. Richard Stone wrote a report regarding selling theses and research articles in Iran. There are noteworthy points in this report which truly disturb the Iranian scientific community, but the present report is not the whole truth about the Iranian scientific community. Iran’s scientific infrastructure was destroyed in the eight-year imposed war by Saddam Hossein in a way that production of Iranian scientific articles in the Web of Sciences, which was twice Turkey’s scientific articles before the Islamic Revolution, decreased to one-tenth of Turkey’s scientific articles after the imposed war. Luckily, with creation of scientific infrastructure in the country’s universities in a 25-year period after the war, Iranian scientific production increased noticeably in such a way that in 2011 Iran had the greatest impetus in scientific production and also in industry, for example in production of drugs, we succeeded in producing 90% of country’s needed drugs <sup>1, 2</sup>. We succeeded in training enough physicians, dentists, and specialized physicians so that even small Iranian cities have neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons. Unfortunately, two problems arose in continuation of this policy: 1. Many private universities and on-line public universities began training students without logical policies especially postgraduate students without appropriate scientific infrastructure, qualified professors, and qualified students; 2. Western economic sanctions which began in 2011, although the economy was the primary focus, also targeted the Iranian scientific infrastructure. For example, university and researcher access to ISI journals via the digital library was terminated or purchase of research material such as laboratory kits for research and educational objectives encountered serious problems. Researchers and the society of Iranian scientists believe this act has not been scientific and fair. We must accept that the above mentioned two factors delivered injuries to the body of higher education. On the other hand, one must confess that at international levels, credible Iranian scientific universities move forward in education and research with power as evidenced by acceptance of Iranian medical graduates with high scores on the USMLE.<br />
Many weak scientific journals which daily appear like mushrooms in many Southeast Asian countries and even European countries have disrupted the correct international scientific environment. The Iranian scientific society is hopeful. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the vision of Dr. Rouhani’s cabinet will increase the Iranian scientific society’s endurance and will put a stop to present worries. Along the same lines, vision of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education in research evaluation of universities, in the past three years, has returned from quantity to quality. Many, in place of number of articles, put emphasis on article quality. Also, for improvement of medical university research infrastructures, a national granting body at the Health Ministry, titled NIMAD, was created which financially supports large national projects. In addition, ten large comprehensive research laboratories opened in the past three years. More than ten large cohort studies and thirty national disease registries have begun operating across the country. We are hopeful that in the next few years, exit of these large studies will result in research quality improvement in the country’s medical universities.</p>
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=250
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/250.pdf
ShahinAkhondzadehPsychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran739
en
28090273
The Effects of Berberine and Palmatine on Efflux Pumps Inhibition with Different Gene Patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Burn Infections
<p>Background: Related Multidrug Resistance (MDR) to efflux pumps is a significant problem in treating infections caused by <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)</em>. Plant compounds have been identified as Pump Inhibitors (EPIs). In the current study, the potential effect of Berberine and Palmatine as EPIs were investigated on efflux pump inhibition through focusing on different gene patterns in <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolated from burn infections.<br />
Methods: All isolates were collected and identified using the standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity was performed based on disk agar diffusion method for 12 antibiotics. MIC-MBC tests were also performed based on the broth microdilution method to detect synergistic relationship between ciprofloxacin, Berberine and Palmatine. Detection of <em>mexA</em>, <em>mexB</em>, <em>mexC</em>, <em>mexD</em>, <em>mexE</em>, <em>mexF</em> and <em>mexX </em>was conducted by PCR assay. Fisher's Exact test and Logistic Regression were used as statistical tools.<br />
Results: A total of 60 <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolates were collected. The highest and lowest levels of resistance were found to be respectively against clindamycin and tigecycline. Comparing the MIC with MBC distribution, it was found that Berberine and Palmatine lower the MIC-MBC level of ciprofloxacin. The PCR results indicated that the highest frequency is about MexAB-OprM operon. The statistical analysis among different gene patterns of efflux pumps showed that there were no significant relationships between the effectiveness of Berberine and Palmatine (p>0.05).<br />
Conclusion: It can be speculated that Berberine and Palmatine both act as EPIs and can be used as auxiliary treatments with the purpose of increasing the effect of available antibiotics as well as decreasing the emergence of MDR bacteria. The efficiency of these combinations should be studied further under<em> in vivo</em> conditions to have a more comprehensive conclusion regarding this issue.</p>
Berberine, Palmatine, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=259
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/259.pdf
Seyed SadjjadAghayanDepartment of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran1060
HamidrezaKalalian MogadamFaculty of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran1061
MozhganFazliFaculty of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran1062
DavoodDarban-SarokhalilDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran1063
Seyed SajjadKhoramroozMedicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran1064
FereshtehJabalameliDepartment of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran1065
SomayehYaslianifardDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran1066
MehdiMirzaiiFaculty of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran1067
en
28090274
The Role of M2000 as an Anti-inflammatory Agent in Toll-Like Receptor 2/microRNA-155 Pathway
<p>Background: M2000 is a newly designed and safe Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of M2000 on expression levels of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 (SOCS-1) and Src Homology-2 domain-containing inositol-5’-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) proteins <em>via</em> Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2/microRNA-155 pathway.<br />
Methods: HEK293 TLR2 cell line and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were treated by different concentrations of M2000 in MTT assay. RNA was extracted by miRNeasy Mini kit. Then, cDNA was synthesized and the expression levels of SOCS1, SHIP1 and miRNA155 were evaluated by Quantitative Real time PCR.<br />
Results: Our results showed that M2000 significantly increased the expression levels of SOCS1 and SHIP-1 in Lipopolysachride (LPS)-treated and non-treated cells. Moreover, M2000 decreased expression level of miR-155 in LPS treated PBMCs.<br />
Conclusion: M2000 can be used as NSAID in LPS induced inflammation and decrease inflammatory cytokines production by targeting SOCS1, SHIP1 and miR-155 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.</p>
MicroRNAs, SHIP1, SOCS1
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=260
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/260.pdf
FatemehPourgholiDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1068
MahsaHajivaliliDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1071
RasoulRazaviDepartment of Hematology and Blood Banking, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran1069
ShadiEsmaeiliDepartment of Hematology and Blood Banking, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran1070
BehzadBaradaranDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran704
Ali AkbarMovasaghpourDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1072
SanamSadreddiniImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1073
HamidrezaGoodarzynejadBasic and Clinical Research Department, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran1074
AbbasMirshafieyDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran104
MehdiYousefiDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran610
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28090275
Induction of Epigenetic Alteration by CPUK02, An Ent- kaurenoid Derivative of Stevioside
<p>Background: Dietary polyphenols, such as those found in green tea and red wine, are linked to antitumor activity. They are known to influence many signaling pathways epigenetically within the human body. In this regard, CPUK02 (15-Oxosteviol benzyl ester) is a new ent-kaurenoid derivative of stevioside and exhibits strong anti-cancer activity <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Nowadays, the role of epigenetics in cancer has been the subject of intensive study and DNA methylation targeting represents a relevant strategy for cancer treatment. There are no reports regarding the effects of CPUK02 on epigenetic alterations in colorectal cancer cell line. This study was an attempt to compare CPUK02 with 5-AZA as DNMT inhibitor agent and evaluate whether it can induce its anti-cancer effects via altering the level of DNMT3b mRNA, MGMT and SFRP2 methylation pattern in HCT 116 cell line.<br />
Methods: To evaluate DNMT3b expression, DNMT3B mRNA levels in HCT116 CRC cell line were quantified by real-time reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay after 24 <em>hr</em> of incubation time with CPUK02 and 5-AZA. In addition, the methylation patterns of 2 CpG islands in this cell line were examined by methylation-specific PCR methods.<br />
Results: CPUK02 surprisingly, decreased the DNMT3b mRNA level. The average expression levels of DNMT3b in HCT116 treated with CPUK02 and 5-AZA relative to the GAPDH expression level in control were 0.16 and 0.5%, respectively. Furthermore, CPUK02 could decrease the methylated allele of MGMT and SFRP2 genes in HCT 116 after 24 <em>hr</em>.<br />
Conclusion: In this study, positive correlation was found between mRNA expression of DNMT3b and gene promoter hypermethylation after treatment with CPUK02 and 5-AZA. Our data confirmed that CPUK02 like 5-AZA exhibits demethylating properties.</p>
5-AZA, Colorectal neoplasm, DNMT, Epigenetic, Methylation
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=261
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/261.pdf
PoonehMokarramDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran1075
ZeinabMohammadiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran1076
SaeidKhazayelDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran1077
ZhangDayongDrug Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China1078
en
28090276
Overexpression of Recombinant Human Teriparatide, rhPTH (1-34) in Escherichia coli: An Innovative Gene Fusion Approach
<p>Background: Parathyroid hormone is an 84-amino acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid glands. Its physiological role is maintenance of normal serum calcium level and bone remodeling. Biological activity of this hormone is related to N-terminal 1-34 amino acids. The recombinant form of hormone (1-34) has been approved for treatment of osteoporosis from 2002. In this study, a novel fusion partner has been developed for preparation of high yield recombinant 1-34 amino acids of hPTH.<br />
Methods: Novel nucleotide cassette designed encoding a chimeric fusion protein comprising of a fusion partner consisting of a His-tag in N-terminal, 53 amino acids belong to <em>Escherichia coli (E. coli) </em>β-galactosidase (LacZ) gene, a linker sequence for increasing of expression and protection of target peptide structure from fusion tag effect, an Enteropeptidase cleavage site, rhPTH (1-34) gene fragment. Optimized fusion gene was synthesized and ligated into pET-28a vector under control of T7 promoter, and then transformed in <em>E. coli</em> (DH5α) cells. Positive clones containing this gene were double digested with NcoI and-BamHI and also approved by sequencing. Gene overexpression was observed in SDS-PAGE after induction with 0.2 <em>mM</em> IPTG. Confirmation of gene expression was performed by western blotting using anti-His-tag antibody conjugated with peroxidase.<br />
Results: By this fusion gene design approach, we achieved a high level expression of the rhPTH, where it represented at least 43.7% of the total protein as determined by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by western blotting.<br />
Conclusion: In addition to high level expression of the designed gene in this work, specific amino acid sequence of bacterial β-galactosidase was selected as major part of carrier tag for protection of this hormone as important step of recombinant rhPTH with relevant isoelectronic point (pI). This innovation resulted in recombinant production of hPTH very well and the gene construct could be applied as a pattern for similar recombinant peptides where recombinant protein degradation is a critical issue.</p>
Cloning, Escherichia coli, Expression, Recombinant, Teriparatide
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=262
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/262.pdf
NahidBakhtiariDepartment of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran1079
ZahraAmini BayatDepartment of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran1080
SepidehSagharidouzDepartment of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran1081
MohsenVaezDepartment of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran1082
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28090277
Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Substances Isolated from Wild Berry Associated Bacteria
<p>Background: Quorum Sensing (QS) is a mechanism used by bacteria to determine their physiological activities and coordinate gene expression based on cell to cell signaling. Many bacterial physiological functions are under the regulation of quorum sensing such as virulence, luminescence, motility, sporulation and biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize Quorum Sensing Inhibitory (QSI) substances from epiphytic bacteria residing on wild berries surfaces.<br />
Methods: Fifty nine bacterial isolates out of 600 screened bacteria were successfully isolated. These bacteria were obtained from berry surfaces of different plants in the wild forests of Ajloun-Jordan. Screening for QSI activity using <em>Chromobacterium violaceum</em> ATCC 12472 monitor strain, resulted in isolating 6 isolates exhibiting QSI activity only, 11 isolates with QSI and antibacterial activity, and 42 isolates with antibacterial activity only. Three potential isolates S 130, S 153, and S 664, were gram positive rods and spore formers, catalase positive and oxidase negative. These were chosen for further testing and characterization.<br />
Results: Different solvent extraction of the QSI substances based on polarity indicated that the activity of S 130 was in the butanol extract, S 153 activity in both chloroform and butanol; and for S 664, the activity was detected in the hexane extract. The chloroform extract of S 153 and hexane extract of S 664 were proteinaceous in nature while QSI substances of the butanol extract of S 130 and S 153 were non-proteinaceous. All the tested QSI substances showed a marked thermal stability when subjected at several time intervals to 70<sup>o</sup><em>C</em>, with the highest stability observed for the butanol extract of S 153. Assessing the QSI substances using violacein quantification assay revealed varying degrees of activity depending upon the extracting solvent, type of the producer bacteria and the concentration of the substances.<br />
Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential of untapped reservoirs in nature to be used as a source of unique metabolite that may be further developed for therapy. The potential QSI substances included in this study are just one aspect to be further analyzed for use as biopharmaceutical agents.</p>
Quorum sensing, Chromobacterium violaceum
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=263
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/263.pdf
SuhaM. AbudolehFaculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan1083
AdelM. MahasnehDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan1084
en
28090278
Isolation and Identification of Phyllospheric Bacteria Possessing Antimicrobial Activity from Astragalus obtusifolius, Prosopis juliflora, Xanthium strumarium and Hippocrepis unisiliqousa
<p>Background: The widespread utilization of antimicrobial compounds has caused emergence of resistant microorganisms in the world. Hence, the research to probe the products with antimicrobial features has led to finding natural habitats and discovering new pharmaceutical products.<br />
Methods: In this study, an attempt was made to explore the niche of novel habitat to isolate pyllospheric bacteria from the above ground parts (stems and leaves) of <em>Astragalus obtusifolius, Prosopis juliflora, Xanthium strumarium,</em> and <em>Hippocrepis unisiliqousa</em> to evaluate their antimicrobial features. The inhibitory effects of these strains on the growth of two fungi <em>(Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus)</em>, two yeasts <em>(Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans)</em> and six bacteria <em>(Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes)</em> were tested.<br />
Results: In total, 113 bacterial strains were isolated. Twenty five bacterial strains (B-1 to B-25) indicated promising antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activities against aforementioned pathogens. The identification of the bacterial strains was ascertained by morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and two strains with the strongest antimicrobial activities were further characterized based on 16s rRNA sequencing. These two strains were identified as <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em>.<br />
Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that phyllospheric microorganisms are capable of producing some compounds with antimicrobial properties.</p>
Antibacterial agents, 16s rRNA, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=264
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/264.pdf
ZohrehMazinaniDrug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran1085
MarziehZamaniDrug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran1086
SoroushSardariDrug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran54
en
28090279
Association of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1)-565 C/T Gene Polymorphism with Hypoalphalipoproteinemia and Serum Lipids, IL-6 and CRP Levels
<p>Background: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (<em>ABCA1</em>) is a membrane integral protein which plays a vital role in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and exerts a protective effect against Hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA) by mediation of rate-limiting step in HDL biogenesis. In addition, this protein possesses anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of some inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. This study investigated the association of <em>ABCA1</em>-565 C/T gene polymorphism with HA and serum lipids, IL-6 and CRP levels.<br />
Methods: A population which consisted of 101 HA and 95 normal subjects were genotyped for <em>ABCA1</em>-565C/T polymorphism by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The serum concentrations of lipids, IL-6 and high sensitive-CRP (hs-CRP) were measured by the relevant methods.<br />
Results: The frequency of T allele was significantly higher in the HA group than the controls (31.7 <em>vs</em>. 19.5%, p=0.002). Thus, carriers of the T allele (CT and TT genotypes) had a higher risk for HA (p=0.016, OR=2.04, 95% CI=1.14-3.63). T allele carriers demonstrated decreased HDL-C and increased triglyceride, IL-6 and CRP levels than those with the CC genotype. <br />
Conclusion: This study suggests that the-565 C/T polymorphism of <em>ABCA1</em> gene is associated with an increased risk of HA, decreased HDL-C and increased TG, IL-6 and CRP.</p>
-565 C/T polymorphism, ABCA1, CRP, Hypoalphalipoproteinemia, IL-6, Lipids
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=265
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/265.pdf
Mohammad MahdiBabashamsiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran1091
SohrabHalalkhorDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran1087
HamidMoradi FirouzjahDepartment of Molecular and Cell biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran1090
HadiParsianDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran1089
Seyed FarzadJalaliDepartment of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran1088
MohammadBabashamsiMonoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran34
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28090280
In Vitro Activity of Linezolid in Combination with Photodynamic Inactivation Against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
<p>Background: Biofilm infections are a major challenge in medical practice. Bacteria that live in a biofilm phenotype are more resistant to both antimicrobial therapy and host immune responses compared to their planktonic counterparts. So, there is need for new therapeutic strategies to combat these infections. A promising approach [known as Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI)] to kill bacteria growing as biofilms uses light in combination with a photosensitizer to induce a phototoxic reaction which produces reactive oxygen species that can destroy lipids and proteins causing cell death. PDI does not always guarantee full success, so, combination of PDI with antibiotics may give increased efficiency. This study aimed to determine if PDI was effective in the eradication of <em>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)</em> biofilms in combination with linezolid.<br />
Methods: The susceptibility of biofilm cultures of three <em>S. aureus</em> strains to Methylene Blue (MB) and Toluidine Blue O (TBO)-mediated PDI was determined alone and in combination with linezolid.<br />
Results: Bactericidal activity (≥3 log<sub>10</sub> reduction in viable cell count) was not achieved with MB/TBO-PDI or antibiotic treatment alone. When antibiotic treatment was combined with TBO-PDI, a greater reduction in viable count than antibiotic alone was observed for two strains.<br />
Conclusion: This study showed that although TBO-PDI did not have good bactericidal activity against <em>S. aureus</em> biofilms; it increased the antimicrobial activity of linezolid against these bacteria.</p>
Antibiotic therapy, Biofilm, Photodynamic inactivation, Staphylococcus aureus
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https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=266
https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/266.pdf
NasimKashefDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran1092
MahboobehAkbarizareDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran1093
Mohammad RezaRazzaghiLaser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran1094