en 33014312 <p>Cellular transplantation, due to the low regenerative capacity of the Central Nervous System (CNS), is one of the promising strategies in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The design and application of scaffolds mimicking the CNS extracellular matrix features (biochemical, bioelectrical, and biomechanical), which affect the cellular fate, are important to achieve proper efficiency in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation as well as integration with the surrounding tissue. Different studies on natural materials demonstrated that hydrogels made from natural materials mimic the extracellular matrix and supply microenvironment for cell adhesion and proliferation. The design and development of cellular microstructures suitable for neural tissue engineering purposes require a comprehensive knowledge of neuroscience, cell biology, nanotechnology, polymers, mechanobiology, and biochemistry. In this review, an attempt was made to investigate this multidisciplinary field and its multifactorial effects on the CNS microenvironment. Many strategies have been used to simulate extrinsic cues, which can improve cellular behavior toward neural lineage. In this study, parallel and align, soft and injectable, conductive, and bioprinting scaffolds were reviewed which have indicated some successes in the field. Among different systems, three-Dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a powerful, highly modifiable, and highly precise strategy, which has a high architectural similarity to tissue structure and is able to construct controllable tissue models. 3D bioprinting scaffolds induce cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation and promote the diffusion of nutrients. This method provides exceptional versatility in cell positioning that is very suitable for the complex Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of the nervous system.</p> Bioprinting, Cell differentiation, Extracellular matrix, Neurodegenerative diseases, Tissue engineering 203 220 https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=30426 https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/30426.pdf AkramShafieeNanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran51648HanieAhmadiDepartment of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran51649BehnazTaheriDepartment of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran51650SimzarHosseinzadehFaculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran51651YousefFatahiNanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran51652MasoudSoleimaniDepartment of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modaress University, Tehran, Iran221FatemehAtyabiNanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran51654RassoulDinarvandNanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran11381