en 23407750 The role of microbiota in health and disease is the subject of rigorous investigation. Several studies have demonstrated that microbiota and the pattern-recognition receptors contribute to intestinal tumourigenesis; the exact mechanism of which is still obscure. MyD88 is the downstream effector of all Toll-like receptors (TLRs) except TLR3. However, the alternative MyD88-independent pathway is functional downstream of not only TLR3, but also TLR1/2, 2/6, 4, and 5. TLR4 stimulation with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide exerts distinct functional effect on the intestinal motility via MyD88-dependent and-independent pathways. Host-microbiota interaction, Intestinal tract, Toll-like receptors 210 211 https://www.ajmb.org/En/Article.aspx?id=102 https://www.ajmb.org/PDF/En/FullText/102.pdf ShirinMoossaviDigestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran411NimaRezaeiDepartment of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, , Sheffield, UK186