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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Avicenna J Med Biotech</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">arij002</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2008-2835</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2008-4625</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Avicenna Research Institute</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ajmb60574</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi"></article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="pmid"></article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
             <subject></subject> 
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
            <subject></subject>
        </subj-group> 
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Poultry Gastrointestinal-derived Lactic Acid Bacteria (pGIT-d-LAB) Inhibit Multiple  Antibiotics Resistance Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens</article-title>
      </title-group>
        <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adeniyi</surname><given-names>Bolanle</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adesuyi </surname><given-names>Abimbola</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ayeni </surname><given-names>Funmilola</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ogunbanwo </surname><given-names>Temitope</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Agidigbi</surname><given-names>Taiwo</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day></day>
        <month></month>
        <year></year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day></day>
        <month></month>
        <year></year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>111</fpage>
      <lpage>119</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>8</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract>
      <p>
      &lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11pt&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt;Background:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt; To develop a probiotic formulation for poultry feed, a few poultry gastrointestinal derived lactic acid bacteria (pGIT-d-LAB) were isolated from chicken intestinal specimens and &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; experiment was performed to evaluate their efficacy as potential probiotic candidate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11pt&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt;Methods:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt; A total of 6 strains of LAB: &lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;actobacillus brevis&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;L. brevis&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;actobacillus acidophilus &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;L. acidophilus&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt;, Lactobacillus casei &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;L. casei&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt;, Pediococci &lt;/em&gt;spp.&lt;em&gt;, Lactobacillus fermentum &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;L. fermentum&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;and&lt;em&gt; L&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;actobacillus plantarum &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;L. plantarum&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;were isolated and cultured for collection of Cell Free Supernatant (CFS). CFS collected was tested against pathogenic bacterial isolated from chicken feces as well as prevalent fungal pathogens, utilizing agar-well diffusion techniques. A preliminary investigation into the susceptibility of the pathogens to diverse antibiotics and antifungal drugs was conducted. Bacterial pathogens exhibiting resistance to a minimum of three classes of antibiotics were subsequently identified for pGIT-d-LAB CFS screening. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11pt&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt;Results:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt; The observed results revealed that the CFS derived from the isolates exhibited varying degrees of growth inhibition against different pathogens. Among the tested pGIT-d-LAB isolates, &lt;em&gt;L. acidophilus &lt;/em&gt;demonstrated the most prominent zone of inhibition, measuring 18 &lt;em&gt;mm&lt;/em&gt; against &lt;em&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; ZTAC 1233. Notably, &lt;em&gt;Citrobacter diversus&lt;/em&gt; ZTAC 1255 showed resistance to all tested pGIT-d-LAB. Quantification of the metabolites produced was performed, and peak production levels was determined. &lt;em&gt;L.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; acidophilus &lt;/em&gt;produced the highest amount of lactic acid (1.789&lt;em&gt;g/l&lt;/em&gt;), &lt;em&gt;Pediococci &lt;/em&gt;spp. produced the highest amount of diacetyl and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;0&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (1.918&lt;em&gt;g/l&lt;/em&gt;) (0.0025&lt;em&gt;g/l&lt;/em&gt;) at 48&lt;em&gt; hr&lt;/em&gt; peak values respectively. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11pt&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt; The test isolates are potential probiotic candidates for controlling pathogens in poultry. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

      </p>
      </abstract>
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